Codec, Audio multimedia digital signal codecs)ACOPS: Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention System (CPU Overheating Prevention System)ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, Advanced settings and Power Management)AE (Atmospheric Effects, atomization effect)AFR (Alternate Frame Rendering, Alternate Rendering technology)AGAS (Anti Glare Anti Static Coatings, Anti-Glare, Anti-Static coating)AGP: Accelarated Graphic Port (accelerated graphics Port), a bus structure of CPU and graphics chipAGU
Questionnaire Origin
Organizations refer to associations, student unions, and Youth League committees that are dominated by Major Students and differ greatly from their professional development. Student Associations (such as cfuture, netdimension, itaem, haimin, and alu are not included in the concept of narrow community) of ERP sandbox club and information center innovation base ).
A freshman raised the question of "I cannot find a like-minded st
stored separately, with independent addressing, independent access, and four bus sets. The separated program bus and Data Bus allow you to obtain the command words and operands simultaneously within one machine week, doubling the data throughput.
2. CISC and RISCCISC usually includes a complex data path and a microprogram controller. The microprogram controller consists of the microprogram memory, microprogram counter, and address selection logic. Each word in the microprogram memory represents
. For example, Alu, LSU, FAD, and mdu. A single-emission processor generally uses a pipeline structure at the command level. In the operating components, some machines use the pipeline structure, and some machines do not use the pipeline structure.The single-emission processor is designed to execute an average instruction per clock cycle, that is, it has an expected value of 1 for its instruction-level concurrency ILP. In fact, it is a common scalar p
Chap4. processor architecture command execution stage
Fetch: Read the Instruction byte from the memory. The address is the value of PC. Extract the two four-digit bytes of the instruction indicator from the instruction, which are called icode and ifun ). It may take out a register Indicator byte, indicating one or two register operation indicators RA and Rb. It may also take out a four-byte constant number valc. It calculates the address valp of the next command in order, and valp is equal to
depth.This gives him a better understanding of the chip principles. In a lot of learning, he realized that if he doesn't have to understand the marketThere will be a lot of detours if you want to do things on your own. In-depth exploration of market leader TechnologiesThe incoming analysis and learning are not just acceptable, but also an important reason why Huawei has the opportunity to surpass them. OngoingOn the basis of studying and digesting the latest information in the industry, Sun hon
Jmpi is a inter-segment jump command used in x86 real-world mode,
For example, bootseg = 0x0c70
Jmpi 4, # bootseg
If the current segment cs = 00 h, the command will jump to the segment cs = 0x0c70 after executing this command, of course, the segment Cs value will also change to 0x0c70,Next, execute the command at 0x0c70: 0004.
In real-world mode, addressing is designed to be compatible with 8086 processors, 8086 is a 16-bit CPU (The ALU data
(1) von noriman's architecture
The numeric system of a digital computer is binary. The computer should be executed in the program order. The computer consists of five parts: controller, memory, input device, and output device.
(1) Controller
The Controller is the entire computer's command center. It extracts the control information in the program. After analysis, it sends the operation control signal as required, so that all parts work in a coordinated manner.
It consists of arithmetic logical u
a compromise: All commands have fixed length, but different commands have different formats. There are three formats for MIPS commands: R, I, and J. Each format is composed of several fields (filed), as shown in the following figure:Type I commands6 5 5 16------ | ----- | ------------------ || Op | Rs | RT | immediate count operation |------ | ----- | ------------------ |Load/Store byte, half word, word, double wordConditional branch, jump, jump and link registerR-type commands6 5 5 5 6------ |
installed on a 32-bit (32-bit CPU) or 64-bit (64-bit CPU) computer. Of course, the 32-bit operating system is installed on a 64-bit computer, and its hardware is like a "big Mara car": the 64-Bit performance will be greatly reduced. Third, the computing speed is different. The data width of 64-bit cpu gprs (general-purpose registers) is 64-bit, And the 64-bit instruction set can run 64-bit data instructions, that is to say, the processor can extract 64-bit data at a time (only two instructions
, and when the operation is completed, the CPU will transmit the result, and the running of the memory determines the stable operation of the computer. Memory is made up of memory chip, circuit board, Gold finger and so on.The 2.4CPU CPU (cpu,central processing unit) is an ultra-large-scale integrated circuit that is the computing core (core) and control unit of a computer. Its function is mainly to explain the computer instruction and processing the data in the computer software.The main CPU co
32-bit operating system can be installed on a 32-bit (32-bit CPU) or 64-bit (64-bit CPU) computer. Of course, the 32-bit operating system installed on 64-bit computers, its hardware is like "Big Horse Cart": 64-bit performance will be greatly discounted.Thirdly, the operation speed is different. The data width of the 64-bit CPU GPRs (general-purpose registers, universal Register) is 64 bits, and the 64-bit instruction set can run 64-bit data instructions, which means that the processor can fetc
Vala, VALB3. Implementation phase(1) including the Arithmetic/logic unit ALU, the output is Vale.ALU常被用作加法器(2) including the condition Code register零,符号,溢出,产生信号set_cc4. The stage of the visit
Read or write program data.
Two data blocks generate the memory address and the value of the memory input evidence, and two generate control signals indicating whether to read or write.
Based on the Icode,imemerror,instrvalid,dmem_error, t
a logic gate based on the individual bits of the input word.In the HCL, we declare all word-level signals as int, without specifying the size of the wordIn the HCL, a multiplexed function is described using a condition expression. Each case I has a Boolean expression select and an integer expression, expr. The former indicates when to choose this case, the latter represents the resulting valueThe Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is a very important combin
instruction designator byte from the instruction, called Icode (instruction Code) and Ifun (instruction function). VAIP (the address of the next instruction) equals the value of the PC plus the length of the removed instruction.
Decoding: Reads a maximum of two operands from the register file, obtaining Vala and/or VALB.
Execution: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) executes the operation specified by the instruction (according to the value of I
instruction Pipelining, which belongs to the early pipelining technology and is representative.The integer directive takes a 5-step instruction pipeline, and each step typically requires a clock cycle:①PF Step--instruction Prefetch (Prefetch)②D1 Step--Instruction decoding 1 (Decode Stage 1)③D2 Step--Instruction decoding 2 (Decode Stage 2)④ex Step--Instruction Execution (execute)⑤WB Step-Writeback (write back)80486 using "data bypass" to solve data-related problems, set up the relevant private p
, program counter, instruction decoder, timing generator, Operation Controller.An operator: an operator consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), an accumulator register, a data buffer register, and a status condition register.Third, the implementation process:When executing an instruction, the program counter first records the current address, puts him in the address Recorder , the program counter plus one (referring to the address of the next inst
: immediate count (i), register (R), memory (m). The register designator byte appended to the instruction is the data source (if the number is immediate, set this bit to 0xf), the destination register/base register. Some instructions need to append four bytes of constant number, using the small-end method (reverse) encodingThe PUSHL will reduce the stack pointer by 4 and write a register value to the memory. Therefore, the results of executing PUSHL%ESP and popl%esp are not fixed. Stage of proce
operations--
Fetch: Reads the instruction byte from the register, the address is the value of the program counter. Calculates the next instruction address equal to the value in the PC plus the length of the removed instruction;
Decoding: Reads up to two operands from the register file, reads the registers indicated by the instruction Ra and the RB, but some of them are read register%ESP;
Execution: The ALU performs the specified acti
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