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operations until all of the request data is delivered. The UNIX kernel uses three related data structures to represent an open file. The table entries in the Descriptor table point to the table entries in the open file, and the table entries in the Open File table point to the table entries in the V-node table, each process has its own separate descriptor table, and all processes share the same open and V-node tables. Understanding the general composition of these structures allows us to c

multiplexing, and threading.Processes are automatically dispatched by the kernel, and because they have separate virtual address spaces, there must be an explicit IPC mechanism for sharing data.Regardless of the concurrency mechanism, synchronizing concurrent access to shared data is a difficult issue. The P and V operations on semaphores are proposed to help solve this problem.Concurrency also introduces some other difficult issues. A function called by a thread must have a property called thr

occurrence of competition:The correctness of a program relies on the x point of one thread to reach its control flow before another thread reaches the y point. That is, the programmer assumes that the thread will follow a particular trajectory through the execution state space, forgetting a guideline that the threaded program must work correctly for any viable trajectory. 2. Elimination Method:Dynamically assigns a separate block to each integer ID, and passes to the thread routine a pointer to