: providing routing functionality was working on the router, however, the third layer of switches was now fully capable of performing most of the functions of traditional routers. As a network interconnect device, the third layer switches have the following characteristics:1. Forwarding traffic based on a third-tier address;2
TCP/IP Note 2. Network Layer (2) -- ICMP, RIP, OSPF, BGP 1. ICMPICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): improves the chances of successful IP datagram delivery. 1.1 features ICMP allows the host or router to report errors and reports exceptions. ICMP is not a high-level protocol, but an IP
Many SME internal network structures are simple, with only one switch connecting all employees and servers together and then accessing the Internet through fiber optics. Of course, in order to ensure the security of some hosts and split the internal broadcast packet to improve the network transmission speed, take such as partition VLAN, the allocation of differen
Layer 2 attacks against Python Network Attacks
0x00 Abstract
In Layer 2 attacks in this chapter, we will go to the fantastic journey of network hacking. Let's review that the second layer
Network Layer 2 (IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and related protocols) IP (internet protocol) protocol is the core protocol of the TCP/IP protocol family and the network layer of the internet. The current version number is 4, also known as IPv4. The next generation IP protocol vers
One day, when I was restricted by many secular rules and could not do what many normal people could do, I suddenly felt: people should not have come to this world! Since we fell into the ground, we have been destined to suffer a lot in our life... There is always no proper balance between breaking rules and conforming rules. I will still choose to stick to the rules when I think that fox, the female killer in the movie "Assassin's League" (also known as the wanted order), will eventually end the
, adding switches and end devices1, double-click switch into switch command line (CLI) mode, switch configuration mode by command2 in most cases for security reasons, you need to configure the switch privileged mode passwordValidation test3 Configuring the telnet login switchTo achieve remote login, first need to confi
: Community small postmanNetwork Layer (Network layer)How do you communicate between different communities? In other words, how do you let a computer on WiFi communicate with another computer on an Ethernet network? We need an "intermediary". This "middleman" must have the following functions: 1. Can receive and send 0
the address of the remote host itself, the destination address is the IP address of the mobile host, in short, it is considered that the mobile host in the attribution network. In essence, it's the attribution agent. Using ARP proxy technology to use the attribution physical address to receive the data frame grouping on the link layer and then forward the packet to the field
multiple references, a new connection is required for each loading of the referenced files to transmit data. Round-trip time RTT refers to the time when a group is returned from the client to the server. Each TCP connection has a three-way handshake process.
HTTP message:
Request Message response message: the first line of the request message is the request line require line. The subsequent line is the header line, and the rest is the entity body. The request line has three fields: Method Fiel
-to-send) frame to BS RTS frames that may still conflict with each other (but RTS frames are very short) BS broadcast a CTS (Clear-to-send) frame as a response to the RTS, CTS frames can be received by all nodes to eliminate hidden stops affecting the sending side can send data frames, other nodes delay sending
Take turns accessing the MAC protocol
Polling ProtocolThe primary node polls each node in a circular manner (sending a message to the node, telling it that it is capable of
I. Basic concepts of Physical Layer
The main task of the physical layer is to determine some features related to the transport media interface.
1. Mechanical Properties
2. Electrical Properties
3. Features
4. procedure features
Ii. Data Communication System Model
Model:
Source System (source point, transmitter)-Transmission System-destination system (receiver, te
TCP/IP Note 2. Network Layer (1) -- IP, subnet, CIDR1. IP1.1 supporting agreementIP is one of the two most important protocols in the TCP/IP system.There are also four protocols used in combination with the IP protocol:(1) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Address Resolution Protocol(2) RARP (Reverse Address Resolution
The layer-3 switch you know works like this. It works like a layer-3 switch.
Why do we say that the L3 forwarding performance of a layer-3 switch is much higher than that of a router? Sometimes it is mentioned in many books that
Configuration example of cisco router and layer-3 Switch environment, cisco layer-3 SwitchSimple environment configuration instance for cisco router layer-3 Switch
I. network topology:
Ii. configuration command:
1. vro Configura
. Therefore, the biggest advantage of the second-layer switch is that the data transmission speed is fast, because it only needs to identify the MAC address in the data frame, and the algorithm for directly generating the forwarding Port Based on the MAC address is very simple, it is easy to use ASIC dedicated chips. Obviously, the second-layer
. The next time data is transmitted, it no longer needs to broadcast all ports. In this process, the MAC address information of the entire network can be learned. The second-layer switch creates and maintains its own address table. The working principle of a L2 Switch can be inferred from the following three points: (1
which port the target MAC address corresponds, the next time you transmit data, you no longer need to broadcast all ports.
In this process, the MAC address information of the entire network can be learned. The second-layer switch creates and maintains its own address table.
The working principle of a L2 Switch can be
when he cannot find the address, and the hub is only responsible for forwarding the email regardless of the Bounce Message.
Vro
A Router operates at the network layer, the third layer in the OSI Layer-7 network model. It works by removing the information of the second
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