Theory:
4-byte error code EDC:
In the CD-ROM sector, there is a 4-byte 32-bit EDC domain, which is used to store the CRC code.
The CRC verification code of the CD-ROM generates a polynomial of 32th order, p (x) = (x16 + x15 + X2 + 1) (x16 + X2 + x + 1 ).
The data block used to calculate the CRC code is the Data byte from the beginning of the slice to the end of the user data zone. Take mode1 as an example,
fileWith open ("Somefile.txt","W") as F:Print(Line1, file=f)Print(Line2, file=f)#binary file read/writef = open ("edc.jpg","RB")Print(F.read ())#output \xff\xd8 .... Hexadecimal representation of bytes#any non-standard text file (Py2 standard is ASCII, PY3 is Unicode), read the file in binary, use. Decode () to decodef = open ("DeGuangGuo.txt","RB") U= F.read (). Decode ('Deyuncode')#operation of files and directories#Python calls the built-in OS module to invoke the operating system's interfac
I,Introduction to NAND/nor flashNor and NAND are two major non-loss flash technologies on the market. Intel first developed nor Flash technology in 1988, which completely changed the previous situation where EPROM and EEPROM were integrated. Next, in 1989, Toshiba published the NAND Flash structure, emphasizing reducing the cost per bit, providing higher performance, and easily upgrading through interfaces like disks. Its capacity can reach more than 1 GB, And the write and erase speed is very f
The job of the second month to do a simple statement this month mainly did the following work:1, Test Yanshan teaching pass (after the test for teaching pass to each project team, so the original plan to carry out the Dalian Project test not carried out) 2, Learning new EDC baseline on the platform of Yu Beiping (Xining EDC needs not come out before, learning related structure) 3, Qinghai every Wednesday ro
)B5~B1 reservedPCB coding for R blocksbyte bit meaningB8 1B7 0B6 0B5 Serial numberB4~B1 0 = Fault tolerant 1=EDC or checksum error 2 = other error other: ReservedPCB code for S blockbyte bit meaningB8 1B7 1B6 0 = Request 1 = replyB5~B1 0 = in sync request 1 = information domain Size Request 2 = Abort Request 3=BWT Extension Request 4=VPP error other: Reserved> LengthLength (length, short len) indicates the length of the INF portion of the block, and t
it can use the powerful Electronic Dispersion Compensation (EDC) capability to clear signal distortion at a very low cost. Therefore, through the use of 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK and EDC, coherent detection technology can be improved by 6 dB (compared with the direct detection of OOK); the use of high encoding gain FEC can be improved by 2 to 3 dB; because the transmission cost of CD and PMD is reduced, 1-2 dB is
and de equal to the corresponding side then their diagonal also should be equal, de is the ∠dce, because the CE is the angle evenly line, so ∠ace is 60°, so ∠dce=120° ad diagonally should also be 120°, So the parallel line over D to AC is Tong ∠bpd=60° ab in P,∠bac, thus creating ∠apd=120°, equilateral BPD, and AP=CD, in APD and DCE, Ap=cd,∠apd=∠dce, One more condition. Take a look at ∠pad and ∠CDE, according to the outer theorem: ∠adc=∠pad+∠b=∠pad+60°, and ∠ADC is ∠CDE and ∠ade splicing into,
. One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times. Of course, if this bit changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND supplier recommends using the EDC/
that of nor is 100,000. In addition to having a block erasure cycle of 10 to 1, the typical NAND block size is eight times smaller than that of the nor device, each NAND memory block is deleted less frequently within a given period of time.Bit SwitchingAll flash devices are plagued by bit switching. In some cases (rarely, Nand occurs more often than nor), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed.One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may ca
than that of the nor device, each NAND memory block is deleted less frequently within a given period of time.
Bit Switching
All flash devices are plagued by bit switching. In some cases (rarely, Nand occurs more often than nor), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed.
One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times.
Of course, if this
, Nand occurs more often than nor), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed. One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times.Of course, if this bit changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND
not be obvious, but if it happens on a critical file, this small glitch can lead to system downtime. If you just report a problem, read it a few times and it can be solved. Of course, if this bit really changes, then the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm must be used. Bit reversal problem is more common in NAND flash, NAND vendors recommend using NAND flash while usingSeven, EDC/ECC algo
changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND supplier recommends using the EDC/ECC algorithm when using nand flash memory. This problem is not fatal when using NAND to store multimedia information. Of course, if you use a local storage device to store operating systems, configuration files, or othe
), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed. One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times. Of course, if this bit changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND supplier recommends using the
switching. In some cases (rarely, Nand occurs more often than nor), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed. One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times. Of course, if this bit is changed, you must use error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) Algorithm . The problem of bit inversion is more comm
than that of the nor device, each NAND memory block is deleted less frequently within a given period of time.
B) Bit Switching
All flash devices are plagued by bit switching. In some cases (rarely, Nand occurs more often than nor), a bit may be reversed or reported to be reversed.
One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times.
Of course, if this bi
nor), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed.One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times.Of course, if this bit changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND supplier recommends using the
), a bit is reversed or reported to be reversed.One-bit changes may not be obvious, but if it occurs on a critical file, this small fault may cause system downtime. If there is only a report problem, it may be solved by reading multiple times.Of course, if this bit changes, you must use the error detection/error correction (EDC/ECC) algorithm. The problem of bit inversion is more common in nand flash memory. The NAND supplier recommends using the
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