IP is a command, there are many functions of IP command! Basically it integrates the two commands, ifconfig and route, but the IP is more powerful! If you are interested, please vi/sbin/ifup on your own to know that the entire ifup is the use of IP this command to achieve. Here's how to use this[[Email protected] ~]# IP [option] [action] [command]Parameters:Option: Set the parameters, mainly:-S: Shows the device statistics (statistics), such as the total number of packets received;Action: That i
The data link layer has three main purposes:
* Sends and accepts IP data packets for the IP module;
* Send ARP requests to the ARP module and receive ARP responses;
* Send RARP requests and RARP responses to RARP.
The ARP protocol is mainly used to resolve the 32bit IP address to the MAC address (hardware address) corresponding to the 48bit (Ethernet ). The RARP protocol resolves the hardware address to an IP address. The two protocols are at the network layer, which is the same as IP datagr
There are three main purposes of the data link layer:
Send and receive IP datagrams for IP modules.
Send ARP request and accept ARP reply for ARP module;
Send RARP requests and RARP responses for Rarp.
The ARP protocol here is mainly used to resolve the 32bit IP address to the corresponding 48bit (Ethernet) MAC address (hardware address). The RARP protocol resolves the hardware address to an IP address, which, like the IP datagram, has its own Ethernet data frame type (i.e.
without booting
[Root@xiaoluo ~]# chkconfig--list | grep networkmanager
NetworkManager 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
After stopping the NetworkManager service we can use IP alias technology to configure multiple IP addresses, here we use the IP command, the command syntax format is as follows:
IP addr Add 172.25.215.40/24 dev Etho label eth0:0
Behind the eth0:0 says, we add an IP alias to eth0 this network card, the latter 0 means a name, the second alias
TCP and 1448
1448 bytes is the actual carrying capacity of a single TCP packet under the actual scenario. In other words, in the actual scenario, the upper layer calls send (1000KB), the lower layer will be the 1000KB encapsulated into multiple TCP packets to send. A single TCP packet is sent 1448 bytes of data each time it is packaged.Detailed TCP in the transmission scenario Wireshark screenshot as shown in Figure 1Figure 1
Each TCP packet should theoretically be able to pack more data, but i
package shown in the figure shows two different forms of package format. The most commonly used encapsulation format is the format defined by the RFC894. Both frame formats use the destination address and source address of 48bit (6 byte).
The Ethernet frame format only has 6 bytes of destination address and source address. The frame length field refers to the byte length of its subsequent data, but does not include the CRC check code. This length is the data payload provided to the upper layer
There are several prompt variables to mention when the color of the terminal is mentioned under the shell:
PS1: The default prompt, that is, after the remote boarding system, open the terminal, we see the familiar prompt every day;
[Root@vps ~] $echo $PS 1[\u@\h \w]$
PS2: It is our command line to write the "\" on our command line, and the one that is displayed on the other line;
[Root@vps ~] $echo "Hello" \> "World"Hello World[Root@vps ~] $echo $PS 1[\u@\h \w]$
/PCI Express support for 8544DS board (commit)
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Add support to OProfile for profiling cell be SPUs (commit)
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PS3: Bootwrapper support. (commit)
PS3. BD/DVD/CD-ROM Storage Driver (commit)
I. CAT4006 engine module WS-X4013 configuration listThese include: Basic settings, VLAN configuration, Channel configuration, and port Image Port 1/2 to connect to gigabit IDS)
Cisco Systems, Inc. Console
Enter password:CAT4006> enable
Enter password:CAT4006> (enable).....................................................................................
Begin!# ***** NON-DEFAULT CONFIGURATION *****!!# Time: Mon Apr 11 2005, 22:02:13!# Version 6.1 (1)!!# System web interface version (s)Set password
UDP and TCP use port numbers to send and receive data simultaneously for multiple applications. Data is sent out through the source port and received through the target port. Some network applications can only use reserved or registered static ports, while others can use unregistered dynamic ports. Because UDP and TCP headers use two bytes to store port numbers, the valid range of port numbers is from 0 to 65535. The dynamic port range is from 1024 to 65535.
The maximum transmission unit of the
unstable Internet access speeds, there is no inevitable solution to this problem. You can try the following methods.
Method 1: manually set the Proxy Server
If you are a Broadband User, you may find that you cannot browse some web pages after using the Broadband Router. One of the reasons is that some ISP providers use the invisible proxy server in the background, make some webpages unavailable. If you cannot refresh the webpage by pressing the F5 key multiple times, you can manually set the pr
[[email protected] ~]# Chkconfig--list | grep networkmanagernetworkmanager 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:offAfter stopping the NetworkManager service we can use IP alias technology to configure multiple IP addresses, here we use IP This command, the command syntax format is as follows:IP addr Add 172.25.215.40/24 dev Etho label eth0:0Behind the eth0:0 Said, we give eth0 this nic add an IP alias, the back of that 0 means the name, the second alias can be written eth
addresses; three or more HAIP addresses; and four HAIP addresses ), evenly distributed on private network cards.
Case:1. view the HAIP Resource Status$ Crsctl stat res-t-initNAMETarget state server STATE_DETAILS Cluster ResourcesBytes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ora. cluster_interconnect.haipONLINE node2 12. view the HAIP address and distribution.# Ifconfig-Eth1 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00: 0C: 29: 4B: B7: 66Inet addr: 192
Brain Map: SocketFrom the length of the UDP datagram.UDP belongs to the transport layer in the network model. Let's look at the next step from the bottom to the previous step:Theoretically, the maximum IP packet (packet) allowed by the IP protocol is 2^16=65535 (the total IP packet length is 16 bits):But! The length of the Ethernet (Ethernet) data frame must be between 46-1500 bytes, which is determined by the physical characteristics of the Ethernet. This 1500 byte is called the
set for calculation check and. The pseudo header does not occupy the actual space. The pseudo-header contains some fields of the IP header, so that UDP checks whether the data has arrived at the destination twice and whether the IP layer has correctly transmitted the data.The format of the UDP pseudo header is as follows:
32-bit source IP address
32-bit destination IP address
0
8-bit protocol (17)
16-bit UDP Length
16-bit Source Port
16-bit destinat
1. Why are IP (IPv4) sharding required? How do I control parts? Where is the shard? Why? Where can I reorganize parts? Is the larger the data packet to be split, the better? Is the smaller the data packet to be split, the better? Why?Partition reasonThe maximum transmission unit limit (MTU) exists in the physical network. When an IP packet is large, an IP packet cannot be encapsulated in a physical frame. Therefore, IP data must be split into multiple
should be clarified: MTU, MSS, tcp_write_queue sending queue, blocking and non-blocking socket, congestion window, sliding window, Nagle algorithm. When we call the sending method, the message stream constructed in our code is passed as a parameter. This message stream can be large or small, such as several bytes or several megabytes. When the message stream is large, shards may occur. Let's first discuss the sharding issue. 1. The fragment of MSs an
ArchitectureBased on the above node and network Diagram, you can find:1) Two floating networks using vlan100 and Vlan101,snat and Dnat via iptables routing2) Two flat networks using vlan200 and vlan201, virtual machines do not require iptables routing3) Vxlan Network use vlan4000In the use of Vxlan and GRE tunnel mode, because the IP and UDP packets will be added to the tunnel header information, resulting in more than 1500 message MTU, the tradition
Features of the data link layer:Provide services to the network layer, good service interface, ensure the effective and reliable data transmission, adjust the traffic, ensure that the slow receiver is not overwhelmed by the fast sender.The protocol of the data link layer is still many, there are our most commonly used Ethernet (that is, we usually use the network card) protocol, there are less common token ring, and FDDI, of course, there are now quite popular in the domestic PPP protocol (ADSL
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