General summary of Oral microorganisms

Words

Oral Candidosis Oral Candidiasis

Endowed Bestow

Deleterious harmful.

Pulmonary
Disease Lung disease

Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus

Feats Skills

Helicobacter pylori pyloric spiral bacterium

Mucus sticky

Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field is constantly changing. As new and experience broaden our knowledge,
Changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers is advised to check
The most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
Administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications.

The knowledge in the book is changed at any time, so you can always check the latest information.

Even with the most sophisticated of techniques only around 50% of
The microflora can cultured in the laboratory.

Even with the most advanced technology, only 50 of microorganisms can be cultivated in the laboratory.

Introduction
The human microflora 1
The oral microflora in health and disease 2
The scale of oral diseases 3
Microbial Ecology 4
The oral microflora and general health 5
Chapter Summary 6
Further reading 7

The mouth is the gateway of the body to the external
World and represents one of the most biologically
Complex and significant sites in the body.

The mouth is the entrance to the body and the outside world, which is a complex gathering place for microorganisms and occupies an important place in the body.
This is where the first stages of the digestive process
take place and, consequently, the mouth is richly
Endowed bestowed with sensory functions (taste, smell, temperature
and texture).

The mouth is the first stage of the digestive system, so the mouth is given a variety of sensations, such as taste, temperature

It also plays a critical role in
Communication, whether by speech or via facial
expressions, and makes a significant contribution
to our appearance. Recent studies have re-affirmed
An earlier concept, oral health is inextricably
Linked to general health, and vice versa.

Oral health and overall health are closely linked.

Maintaining
A healthy mouth, therefore, is of the vital importance for
A person's self-esteem and general well-being.

Maintaining oral health is important for personal self-confidence and good health.

The mouth is a easily accessible part of the
Body and so can provide health care workers with
A window into a person's oral and general health.
Disease that's localized elsewhere in the body can
be reflected in the mouth and, as a result, saliva is
Becoming increasingly recognized as a key diagnostic diagnosed
Fluid.

The mouth is the easiest place to get to the body. Mouth is important for oral and general health. Through saliva analysis, can detect the body local organ disease.

For example, oral candidosis oral candidiasis (Ch. 9) in previously
Healthy young adults can is the first sign of
HIV infection, while antibodies against a range of

Viruses can detected in saliva.

For example, if oral candidiasis is found in a healthy young person's mouth, this may be a sign of early onset of HIV infection. In this case, antibodies can be detected in saliva.

Risk Factors for general
Health, such as tobacco habits, alcohol abuse
And an inadequate diet, can also has a deleterious harmful
effect on oral, the analogous similar manner,
Oral disease can also has an impact on the overall
Health of the individual.

Risk factors for physical health include smoking, bad wine, and unbalanced diets. In the same vein, oral diseases are also a risk factor.

Recent studies suggest
That severe periodontal disease in some populations
Might is a risk factor for premature or low birth
Weight babies, ischaemic heart disease ischemic stroke heart disease, pulmonary
Disease tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus diabetes (see later, and Ch. 6).

Some studies have shown that some patients with severe periodontal disease may be associated with unhealthy babies, ischemic strokes, heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes.

The mouth is one of the key interfaces between the
Body and the external environment, and can act as a
Site of entry for some microbial pathogens, especially
From the air or via ingestion from the diet.

Microorganisms in the air or digested food can easily enter the mouth

Therefore,
It is equipped with a comprehensive array of defence
Strategies that includes elements of both the innate
and adaptive immune system (see Ch. 2).

In order to deal with complex exotic microorganisms, the oral cavity has a complex immune system (innate and specific immunity)

Indeed,
The ability of the host to recognise and respond to
Invading pathogens while simultaneously tolerating
A diverse resident microflora (see Ch. 3) remains one
Of the most remarkable feats skills of evolution, and the
Precise mechanisms that permit this level of discrimination
is still not fully understood.

Indeed, the oral immune system can identify and respond to invasive microorganisms, while simultaneously coordinating a large number of microorganisms to live. We cannot fully understand the specific mechanism.

It has been estimated, the human body is made
Up to over 1014 cells of which only around 10% is
Mammalian of mammals. The remainder residue is the microorganisms
That comprise the resident microflora of the host.

Only 10% of human cells belong to mammals, and other cells are parasitic in human microbes.

This resident microflora does not has merely a passive
Relationship with it host, but contributes directly and
Indirectly to the normal development of the physiology physiology,
Nutrition and defence systems of the organism.

Parasitic microbes in the body play an important role in the body, including physiology, nutrition, and organ immunity.
In general, these natural microfloras live in harmony
With humans and animals and, indeed, all parties
Benefit from the association.

Microbes live in peace with the human body at ordinary times.

Loss or perturbation destruction of
This resident microflora can leads to colonization by
Exogenous exogenous (and often pathogenic) microorganisms,
thereby predisposing (make it appropriate. disease) sites to disease.

Microorganisms inside the body are destroyed or lost, causing exogenous microorganisms to invade, making organs susceptible to disease.

The microbial colonization of all environmentally
Accessible surfaces of the body (both external
and internal) begins at birth.

Body microbial reproduction begins at birth

Such surfaces is exposed to a wide range of microorganisms derived
From the environment and from other persons.

The surface of the human body is exposed to a large number of microorganisms, which come from the surrounding environment and others.

Each surface, however, because of its physical and biological
Properties, is suitable for colonization by only
A proportion of these microbes.

Due to physical and biological properties, each surface is only suitable for a certain amount of microbial reproduction.

This results in the acquisition, selection and natural development of a
Diverse but characteristic microflora at distinct sites
(Fig. 1.1).

This results in different parts of the body (personalization) and diversity.

For example, staphylococci Staphylococcus and micrococci-like bulb bacteria
Predominate occupies the skin surface but rarely become
Established in significant numbers in the mouth of
A healthy person.

Staphylococcus and ball-like bacteria occupy the surface of the skin but rarely multiply in the oral cavity of healthy persons.

Similarly, less than
Types of microorganism found in the mouth were
Able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract, despite the
Continual passage of these microbes through the gut sausage.

There are more than 700 microorganisms in the oral cavity, although microorganisms can enter the intestine through the mouth, but less than 30 microorganisms can reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract.
Furthermore, the predominant species of bacteria
Can differ dissimilarity markedly significant at distinct surfaces in the mouth
Despite these organisms having equal opportunities
To colonize each site, and this is due again to subtle variations in key parameters than influence microbial growth and co Mpetitiveness (see Ch. 4).

Fig. 1.1 Distribution of the resident human Microflora. The
Predominant groups of microorganism at some distinct
The sites of the anatomical structure is listed.

Microbial distribution of different organs in human body.

The ORAL microflora in health
and disease
The mouth is similar to and sites in the body in
Have a natural microflora with a characteristic
Composition and existing, for the more part, in a
Harmonious relationship with the host. This microflora
is described in Chapter 3 and its intra-oral distribution
is presented in Chapter 4. Perhaps more
Commonly than elsewhere in the body, this relationship
Can break-in the mouth and disease can
occur.

The relationship between the coexistence of microorganisms in oral cavity is destroyed, and disease can be produced.

Common causes:

(1) Antibiotic treatment

(2) Excessive amount of carbohydrate intake in the diet

(3) an organ microbe enters another organ due to breakage or trauma.

This was usually associated with:
major changes to the biology of the mouth from
Exogenous sources (Examples include:antibiotic
Treatment or the frequent intake of fermentable fermented
Carbohydrates carbohydrate in the diet) or from endogenous
Changes such as alterations in the integrity of
The host defences following drug therapy, which
Perturb destroys the natural stability of the microflora, or
the presence of microorganisms at sites not
normally accessible to them; For example, when
Oral bacteria Enter the blood stream following

Tooth extraction tooth or other traumas and is
Disseminated propagate to distant organs, where they can
Cause abscesses or endocarditis endocarditis.

An organ of microorganisms abnormal into another organ, such as tooth extraction or breakage, oral bacteria into the blood, prone to disease such as endocarditis. Bacteria that enter other organs in this way are called speculative germs. Many oral microorganisms are potential opportunistic pathogens.
Bacteria with the potential to cause disease
is termed ' opportunistic pathogens opportunistic germs ', and many oral
Microorganisms the capacity to behave
manner. Indeed, individuals suffer at some time
In their-localized episodes of disease in the
Mouth caused by imbalances in the composition of
Their resident oral microflora.

Indeed, most people suffer from disease due to an imbalance in the oral microorganisms. such as 蛀齿 and periodontal disease.

The commonest clinical
Manifestations display of such imbalances is dental caries 蛀齿
and periodontal diseases periodontal disease (see Ch. 6), both of which
is highly prevalent in industrialized societies and is
Now on the increase in developing countries; Other
Acute and chronic infections occur but less frequently
(see Ch. 7). Dental caries is the dissolution decaying of enamel
or root surfaces (demineralization) by acid produced
Primarily from the metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates
In the diet by bacteria colonizing the tooth
Surface (dental plaque).

Causes of periodontal disease: diet of fermented carbohydrates and bacteria, after metabolism, bacteria produce acid, destroying teeth root. After dessert (drink) should rinse in time ...

Dental plaque is also related to periodontal disease, plaque is a microbial biofilm, antibiotics and toothbrushes can not be removed, microbial biofilm on the tooth tissue destruction more and more large.

Dental Plaque Dental plaque is also associated
With the aetiology pathogen of periodontal diseases in
which the host mounts an inappropriate inflammatory
Response to a increased microbial load (due to
Plaque accumulation) around the gingivae gum, resulting
In damage to the supporting tissues of the teeth.

Caries and periodontal diseases pose distinct challenges
When it comes to determining their microbial
Aetiology. These diseases occur at sites with a preexisting
Diverse, natural resident microflora, while
Even more complex but distinct consortia of microorganisms
is implicated with pathology. It is necessary,
Therefore, to determine which microbial species
is implicated directly in active disease, which is
Present as a result of disease and which are merely
Innocent bystanders.numerous studies have shown
That these common diseases is caused by shifts
In the balance of the resident microflora, in which
Some minor components of dental plaque become
Predominant due to a change in local environmental
Conditions. These shifts in dental plaque composition
In caries and periodontal disease is described
In detail in Chapter 6.

Most diseases originate from microbial imbalances in the body. Because local environmental conditions change, microbial distribution may be unbalanced.

General summary of Oral microorganisms