Knowledge about arm Processors

Knowledge about arm Processors Knowledge about arm Processors Arm = Advanced Proteus Machine Balanced CED Instruction Set Computer (short Instruction Set Computer) is a microprocessor used to execute commands of a few types of computers. It originated from the MIPs host (that is, a computer with a single CPU) in 1980s ), the microprocessor used in the server is collectively referred to as the server. In this way, it can execute operations at a faster speed (execute more than one million commands per second, that is, MIPS ). Because the computer requires additional transistors and circuit components to execute each command type, the larger the computer instruction set, the more complicated the microprocessor and the slower the execution. John cocke from the IBM Research Center in silicon town, New York, proved that about 20% of the instructions in computers took 80% of the work. In 1974, he proposed the concept of a RISC. The first computer benefiting from this discovery was IBM's PC/XT in 1980. Later, this idea was also used by IBM's RISC system/6000. The word "Proteus" itself belongs to David Patterson, a teacher at the University of California, Berkeley. The concept of the world-class CPU is also used in Sun's iSCSI microprocessor and has contributed to the establishment of the so-called MIPS technology, which is part of the Silicon Graphics. Many of the current micro-chips are now using the concept. The concept of the Proteus has led a deeper thought on the design of the microprocessor. The design must take into account how the commands should be well mapped to the clock speed of the microprocessor (ideally, an instruction should be executed within a clock cycle ); the architecture needs to be "simple" and how much the microchip itself can do without the help of software. In addition to performance improvement, some of the advantages of the Proteus and the related design improvements are as follows: @ If one of the goals of a New microprocessor is less complex, its development and testing will be faster. @ Operating systems and applications using microprocessor commandsProgramProgrammers will find that using a smaller Instruction Set makesCodeDevelopment becomes easier. The simplicity of @ RISC gives you more freedom when choosing how to use the space on the microprocessor. @ Compared to the past, the advanced language compiler can produce more effective code, because the compiler uses a smaller instruction set on the server. All Instruction Set computers, except for the Proteus, use Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC ). A typical example of the MIPs r3000, HP-PA8000 series, Motorola m88000 and so on all belong to the MCU. The main features of Proteus: In addition to streamlining the instruction system, the Proteus microprocessor uses over-standard and over-pipeline structures. The number of instructions is only several decades, but the parallel processing capability is greatly enhanced. For example, in 1987, Sun Microsystem launched the iSCSI chip, which is a high-capacity structure. The MIPs processor launched by SGI uses a hyper-pipeline structure, which plays a core role in the construction of parallel, streamlined command system multi-processor. Modern 64-bit multi-processor is a mainstream chip in the Unix field. Performance Characteristic 1: After the instruction set is simplified, pipelines and Common commands can be executed by hardware; Performance feature 2: the use of a large number of registers enables most command operations to be performed between registers, improving the processing speed; Performance feature 3: the cache-host-external storage three-level storage structure is used to separate the fetch and storage commands, so that the processor can do as much work as possible, the processing speed is not slowed down because the information is accessed from the memory. Application features; due to the simple instruction, hardware and wiring control logic, strong processing capability, and fast speed of the Proteus processor, most UNIX workstations and server vendors in the world use the Proteus chip for CPU. Such as the original dec alpha21364, IBM's Power PC G4, HP's PA-8900, SGI's r12000a and Sun Microsystem's ultra iSCSI platinum. Features: The operating frequency of a chip is generally MHz. The low clock frequency, low power consumption, and low temperature rise make it difficult for machines to malfunction and age, improving system reliability. A single command cycle supports multiple parallel operations. In the process of developing the Proteus microprocessor. A vliw microprocessor was created, which uses a very long command combination to connect many commands for parallel execution. The basic model of the VLIW processor is the execution model of scalar code, so that there are multiple operations in each machine cycle. Some also use a few VLIW commands to improve processing speed. The two typical technologies of the design and manufacturing microprocessor, although they all try to make a balance between the architecture, operation, software and hardware, Compilation Time and running time, and other factors in order to achieve efficient purposes, the methods used are different, therefore, there are great differences in many aspects, including: (1) Command System: the design of the command system focuses on frequently-used commands and tries its best to make them simple and efficient. For uncommon functions, commands are often combined. Therefore, it may be less efficient to implement special functions on the server. However, the streamline and superscalar technologies can be used for improvement and compensation. CISC computers have abundant command systems with dedicated commands to complete specific functions. Therefore, it is more efficient to process special tasks. (2) memory operation: the memory operation is restricted by the memory operation to simplify the control; while the memory operation commands of the CISC machine are many, and the operation is direct. (3) Program: Generally, the Proteus assembly language program requires a large memory space. When special functions are implemented, the program is complex and difficult to design. However, the CISC assembly language programming is relatively simple, scientific Computing and complex operations are relatively easy to design and efficient. (4) Interruption: the server can respond to the interruption where an instruction is executed. The server of CISC responds to the interruption after the execution of an instruction is completed. (5) CPU: the CPU of the CPU contains a small number of unit circuits, so the area is small and the power consumption is low. The CPU of the CISC contains a wide range of circuit units, therefore, it has powerful functions, large area, and high power consumption. (6) design cycle: the design cycle is simple, compact layout, short design cycle, and easy to use the latest technology. The structure of the CISC microprocessor is complex and the design cycle is long. (7) User's use: the server-defined CPU is simple in structure, with regular instructions, easy to grasp, easy to learn, and easy to use. The server-defined CPU-type CPU is complex in structure, powerful in function, and easy to implement special functions. (8) Application Scope: due to the determination of the Proteus command system and the specific application fields, it is more suitable for dedicated machines, while CISC is more suitable for general machines.