Read "Ruby meta programming"

With many spells, Ruby has programming skills to implement many ingenious programming:
Array parameters
Surround aliases
Whiteboard
Class extension
Class extension Mixed
class instance variable
Class macros
Clean room
Code processor
Context Probes
Deferred execution
Dynamic distribution
Dynamic methods
Dynamic Agent
Flat scopes
Phantom method
Hook method
Kernel methods
Lazy instance Variable
Mimicry method
Monkey hit patch
......
The above advanced techniques to achieve more concise programming (only refers to the total number of rows), easy to modify.
A file thousands of lines, still exist.
To understand, you need to know some of the basics of Ruby.
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Read "Ruby meta programming"