Relationship between WWW and interpersonal communication and information transmission

Part 2: Introduction to the process of human cognition and basic concepts of Visual Communication

I. Definition of cognitive psychology

Because multimedia production requires visual display on the computer screen. Therefore, on the one hand, the viewer needs to learn to see information on the computer screen, and on the other hand, the multimedia producer needs to understand the viewer's "seeing" capabilities to design pictures that make people understand, help the viewer see the message.

Scientific research points out that a tenth of Human Vision vision classification belongs to the physical layer, and the other nine fall to the spiritual layer. Although in the visual process, sensory stimulation is transmitted to the brain through the eyes in the form of light to form a meaningful image, however, viewers need to interpret this image based on their personal experience, knowledge, and the surrounding environment.

In other words, as soon as we open our eyes, we can see something, but we need to learn how to choose what we want to see from all what we see, because we are not able to focus on all what we see.

After selecting this option, you must learn how to "see" what you see. From "seeing" to "seeing" is a very complicated process of reasoning and decision-making. In the past thirty years, humans have done a lot of research on this process and developed the knowledge of cognitive psychology.

"Cognition" simply refers to the acquisition and use of knowledge, which involves two aspects: first, how knowledge is stored in our memories, and the storage of memory content. First, the question of how knowledge is used or handled. The former emphasizes the "mental structure" and the latter emphasizes the "mental process 」.

The above two questions are the two directions of cognitive psychology research. Therefore, cognitive psychology can be defined as a scientific analysis of human mental processes and structures to understand human behaviors. This definition contains three important parts:

First: scientific analysis: Cognitive Psychology must be studied using scientific methods. When objective methods are used, verification methods can be repeated.ProgramYou can also get the same answer. Therefore, cognitive psychologists must develop precise analysis tools to indirectly observe mental activities.

Second: mental history and structure are two main aspects discussed in cognitive psychology. Mental processes explore how we use or process knowledge when we are engaged in a job, while mental structures are how we store knowledge and what is stored in memory. Some researchers prefer to explore the mental structure, while some people prefer the history. However, they are complementary to human mental activities and are difficult to divide. Therefore, we tend to emphasize different degrees.

Third: Understanding Human Behavior: the ultimate goal of psychology is to understand human behavior. Cognitive Psychology aims to precisely analyze the inherent cognitive events and knowledge to better understand and predict human behavior. For example, if we analyze the mental process of a person answering a mathematical question, we can understand and predict why some people can solve problems smoothly, while others cannot.

These are general definitions of cognitive psychology. According to the theme discussed by cognitive psychologists, cognitive psychology refers to the memory, perception, language, understanding, reasoning, decision-making, thinking, problem solving and learning of human beings... and other scientific research. Ii. Message Processing Mode

The main theoretical architecture of cognitive psychology is the "Message Processing Model 」. This model regards humans as active message handlers and explores what happens at different stages of human sensory acceptance, storage, and extraction and use of information, therefore, cognitive psychology is often called "Message Processing psychology 」.

Information Processing Model hypothesis cognition can be divided into a series of stages, each stage represents the existence of a hypothesis. The entered information carries out some unique operations in these stages. The final response is assumed to be the results of these stages and operation series (such as perception, Information encoding, Information Extraction from memory, concept formation, judgment, and language generation. Each stage receives information from the previous stage and then plays its unique role. Since all the components of the information processing model are related to other components to some extent, it is very difficult to confirm a start phase. For convenience, we can regard the entire program as starting from input stimulus.

The message processing mode contains different stages and the frontend and backend relationships:

─-┐ ┌-┐
Input │ sense │ note │ diagram │ select │ short │ long │
Import → │ │ → │ sampled │ → │ stage │ → response
Thorn │ storage │ resolution │ note │
Exciting │ storage │ Italian │ │ Yi │
─-┘ └-┘

Messages from the environment are received through the senses in the form of sensory stimulation for a short stay. Storage of sensory signals is the first step in message processing. A certain amount of sensory stimulation is required to be perceived. If it does not attract the attention of individuals, it will soon disappear. This phase is called the storage phase of sensory signal processing sensory signal because the original form of the message is retained.

Sensory signal storage includes Image Storage Using iconic storage devices and image storage using elastic echoic storage devices. Visual input is retained for image storage, while auditory input is retained for audio and video storage.

Usually the human eye often jumps rapidly, and there is a short pause between the beats, which is fixed for the eye. The eye does not absorb messages when the eye beats. It only absorbs messages when the eye is fixed and the sight stays at a certain point. It can be seen that "reading" does not scan a line of text smoothly, but jumps from one watching point to another. "Reading" occurs at the watching point, not at the moment of the jump.

There were a lot of early studies on visual information processing, and they wanted to know how much humans could see in sequence. Because the eyeball remains fixed for about 250 milliseconds, these studies set the sensory stimulus to this time and then move it away, asking the subject to report what to see. Through these studies, we know that general subjects can correctly report three, four, five, or up to nine items. This study also showed us that the size of image storage is estimated to be around 250 milliseconds, up to nine signals can be received.

The Research on Sensory Memory shows that Sensory memory can store a large amount of information, but if you do not pay attention to it, the information will soon be lost. Therefore, we need to "Pay attention" for "Pattern Recognition" and select the desired sensory signal for further processing.

The filtering and selection stages are two theories about attention. The filtering theory is that the attention image filter limits the amount of information that can be identified at a time before the pattern recognition phase. The theory of choice is that all messages are identified, but some important messages are noticed or selected for further processing, entering the memory of the next stage. The two theories have their own correctness as appropriate.

In general, sensory stimulation is rarely perceived as a single sensory event, but as part of a pattern that has more meanings, and recognize it from memory. The process from sensory stimulation perception to recognition is called pattern recognition, which is completed in a short time.

Because people's ability to process "Pattern Recognition" is naturally limited at both the sensory and perceptual level, therefore, you must first filter out the external sensory stimuli with the "Attention" ﹝ Attention. Otherwise, the ability to accept sensory stimuli will be reduced due to information "overload" rolling overload workload.

Attention theory includes bottleneck theory and capacity theory 」. Bottleneck theories include "filter mode", "weakening mode", and "select mode", while capacity theories include "capacity mode" and "multi-mode 」.

In "filter mode", "NOTE" is only used as a filter, so that only limited messages are passed. unnoticed messages are completely excluded from the "filter" and are not processed.

In the weakening mode, the filter does not completely exclude unnoticed messages, but weakens them. Therefore, some words are easily identified and can be identified even if the message is weak.

The "select mode" assumes that the cause is the perception analysis of the two groups of messages, and then selects important messages for further processing.

"Capacity Model" claims that the attention capacity is limited. People process messages with limited psychological resources. If the work is difficult, more resources are required. If the work is easy, less resources are required.

The "multi-mode" integrates the bottleneck theory and capacity theory, and determines that people have the flexibility to choose where to place the bottleneck. The "post-selection" requires more capacity than "pre-selection.

After attention and pattern recognition, the information will be sent to the memory system for storage in the form of login encoding. Human memory systems are divided into short-term memory and long-term memory based on the length of the message 」.

Short-term memory is also known as working memory 」. The capacity is limited, which is RMB, but the individual can use the intention element set to expand short-term memory.

Short-term memory is maintained for about 30 seconds. During this time, if the message is not repeated, it will soon disappear. The main reason for forgetting short-term memories is the natural fading of memories and external interference. Short-term Memory logging is dominated by sound codes. In addition, there are many forms such as form codes and Italian codes.

The short-term memory information is transferred to the "Long-term memory" for a longer period of time after repeat or repetition.

There is no limit on the capacity of long-term memory, and it is quite permanent. The Forgotten message may not disappear permanently but temporarily. The cause of memory forgetting may be fading, interfering, and extracting. Long-term memory logging is dominated by Italian code, but there are also forms such as form code, sound code, language code, taste, smell, action, feelings. Effective maintenance and transfer of messages to long-term memory relies on refined retelling.