Algorithm
Figure Search (breadth first, depth first) depth priority is particularly important
Sort
Dynamic programming
Matching algorithm and network flow algorithm
Regular expressions and string matching
Data
Diagram (the tree is particularly important)
Map
Heap
Stacks/Queues
Tries | Dictionary Tree
Additional recommendation
Greedy algorithm
Probability method
Approximate algorithm
Above is the recommendation of Arjun Nayini, the following is the recommendation of Ken George
Note: There is no specific priority below
Algorithm:
Three-way division-Quick Sort
Merge sort (more extensibility, complexity similar to quick sort)
DF/BF search (to know how to use the scene)
Prim/kruskal (minimum spanning tree)
Dijkstra (Shortest path algorithm)
Selection algorithm
Data
HashMap (Really want to know all the hash structure)
Pictures and trees (red and black trees are very studious) (Red-black trees are good to learn)
Heap (priority queue)
Stack/queue (basic content that must be known)
Tries | Dictionary Tree
A * and genetic algorithms are also interesting.