Computer composition System

Pc

PC (Personal computer), a personal computer that originated in IBM's first desktop PC model for 1981 years ago, before that, there was an Apple II individual with computers.

Eniac

1946 the University of Pennsylvania produced the world's first electronic digital computer (elecrtical numerial integtator and computer).

Vlsi

VLSI (Very Large scale integration).

Up

Micro-operation (micro opereation)

Cpu

Central processing Unit. The core part of the computer, through the data flow and the instruction flow control the computer each part realizes the information transmits.

Cmp

Chip Multi processors monolithic multi-core processor. There are many modes of multi-mode, single mode paranoid.

Alu

The Logic arithmetic unit (arithmetic logic unit) is composed of accumulator, General Register, arithmetic logic unit and State Register.

Mips

The average number of execution instructions and the number of floating-point operations in a unit time as an arithmetic speed indicator. Million instruction per Second/sec millions instruction

MFLOPS

Million floating point operation per Second million float operations/second

Risc

Streamlined instruction Set

Embedded computers

Embedded system (Embedded systems) is an application-centric, processor-based, hardware-and-software-trimmed computer system. Its core components are embedded processors, including:

Embedded microcontroller (Embedded Micro Contrller Unit, MCU commonly known as single-chip microcomputer), embedded microcontroller (Embedded Micro Processor unit MPU), embedded DSO processor (Embedded Digital Signal Processor), embedded on-chip systems (Embedded system on CHIP,SOC). The embedded system has strict requirements on the function, cost, reliability, real-time, volume, power consumption of the system, and the structure and composition of the system depends on the requirement. Simplify operating systems, minimize memory, minimize interfaces, and minimize power consumption to meet system requirements at a lower cost.

von Neumann computer

von Neumann computer principles: Stored Procedures and program control

The computer model mainly consists of: arithmetic, controller, memory and input.

(1) The principle of structure is the principle of stored procedures, that is, the program and data stored in the memory, the machine according to the Order of the program in the logical sequence of instructions, analysis instructions, execution instructions. The data processing described by the program is automatically completed.

(2) using the binary form of 0, 1 for the program and data representation.

(3) Single processor structure, by the operator, memory, controller, input equipment and output equipment, the five components. The data transfer takes the arithmetic device as the center, the input output and the memory data transmission both must pass the arithmetic device, each part operation and the connection is controlled centrally by the controller.

(4) The memory provides a one-level address space accessed by address, which is a one-dimensional structure with fixed word length and sequential linear addressing, each address is uniquely defined.

(5) The instruction is executed serially, and the instruction counter indicates the address of the instruction to be executed.

Program

A collection of computer instruction sequences, which are commands that instruct the computer to perform appropriate operations.

Computer software

Divided into system software and application software.

The so-called system software should have some features:

1, developers are mostly Microsoft company

2, is the most basic computer software, no computer equivalent to the bare Ben.

3, responsible for the implementation of the basic operation of the computer, management of computer software and hardware resources. Therefore, users are not required to participate in the use.

4 includes and includes not only: operating system, language processing system, database management system and service program (network software, virus-checking software, system security management software).

The so-called application software, including but not only the user's own download software.

Word

The number of bits of binary data that the computer can process at one time. The number of register bits of the CPU and the numbers of data bits processed by the operators are related to the word length, and she marks the computer's data processing ability.

Access cycle

The time that the memory was drawn to play as a read or write operation. Called Access time

The shortest time interval between two read or write operations, called the access cycle

Bare Metal

Computers without an operating system are bullying (real-time operations require high, and the OS will take up the CPU space and time).

The generational development of PC

According to hardware development can be divided into five dynasties

(1) Electronic tube computer

(2) Transistor computer

(3) Integrated circuit

(4) Large scale integrated circuit (VLSI)

(5) PC

Types and characteristics of modern computers

1, personal computer: including desktops, computers, laptops, PDAs and tablets and so on. Operating speed is relatively poor, but some are easy to carry, anywhere office, to meet all aspects of the requirements.

2, embedded computers: is a application-centric, microprocessor-based, software and hardware can be cut, to adapt to the system of functions, reliability, cost, volume, power consumption and other comprehensive requirements of the special computer system, application scope and wide, to meet the needs of all aspects of society.

3, network computer: Refers to some high-performance computers, through the network, provide services to the outside. Compared to ordinary computers, the stability, security, performance and other aspects are more demanding, so in the CPU, chipset, memory, disk system, network and other hardware and the common computer is different.

4, Industrial computer: is a bus structure, the production process and its mechanical and electrical equipment, technology and equipment to detect and monitor the computer system. Abbreviation Industrial machine. The main application in industry, for industrial development played an indelible de role.

5, Super Computer: The most powerful, the fastest computing speed, the largest storage capacity of a class of computers, is the National science and Technology development level important symbol. Supercomputers have the strongest parallel computing power, mainly used in scientific calculations. In meteorology, military, energy, aerospace, prospecting

and other areas to undertake large-scale, high-speed computing tasks.

Computer hardware system Five parts, the role of their mutual connection between

Hardware system includes: operator, controller, memory, input

Operator: The processing object of the operator is the data

Memory: Used to store data and programs currently executing, but only for temporary storage of programs and data, power off, or power loss, the data will be lost.

Controller: Composed of program counter, instruction register, instruction decoder, timing generator and operation Controller, it is the "decision-making organ" of issuing the command, which is to complete the operation of coordinating and directing the whole computer system.

Input devices: Used to input raw data and processes that process the data into the computer.

Output device: The output for the data. It shows the data or information of various computational results in the form of numbers, characters, images, sounds, etc. Common display, printer, plotter, image output system, voice output system, magnetic recording equipment and so on.

CPU is the core of computer, which controls the transmission of information between each part of computer through data flow and instruction flow. The computer accepts the external input de program and data through the input device, and the controller gives instructions to control every movement of the computer.

The processing and processing of the data through an operator, the arithmetic and the logical operations, the storage of programs and data through the memory, and the output of computer-processed results by the output device. Memory is the storage part of the computer, which is centered on the information flow.

During the operation, the data is calculated from the memory read-in operator, and the intermediate result of the operation is stored in memory. The instruction is also stored in data form, the operation is the instruction is fed into the controller by the memory, the controller produces the control flow, control the data flow

Flow and control the work of each component, processing and processing the data.

The composition of computer software system

Computer software is composed of system software and application software. System software is the closest hardware software in the computer system, and other software is generally to play a role through the system software. It is responsible for implementing the most basic operation of the computer, managing the computer's

Hardware and software resources. The system software has the universality, mainly by the computer manufacturer and the software company Development provides. Mainly includes: Operating system, language processing program, database management system and service program.

The application software is the software that the user writes to solve the actual problem. Involved in all areas of computer applications.

The development of computer language

1. Machine language

2. Assembly language

3. High-level language (c + +)

4. Software application Language (SQL)

Hierarchical structure of computer systems, virtual machines and actual machine characteristics

The characteristics of virtual machines: the function of the machine is realized by the software, which embodies the hierarchy of machine language, assembly language, high-level languages and application language.

The main task of the user of the actual machine is to design and maintain the machine.

Why is it that computer software and hardware are logically equivalent

In principle, the function of the software can be realized by hardware, and the function of hardware may be simulated by software, but the performance, price and the degree of difficulty of the realization are different.

Main performance indicators of the computer

1, machine Word length 8, 16, 32, 64

2. Storage capacity

3. Operation Speed MIPS, MFLOPS

4. The shortest time interval between successive reads of the access cycle. Access time: Time to complete one read or write

Why bytes are the most basic unit of information

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Computer composition System