Computer hardware and operating system, computer hardware Operating System

Computer hardware and operating system, computer hardware Operating System

Complete computer systems include: Applications + operating systems + computer hardware

 

I. Computer Hardware:

1. five major components:Controller, memory, memory, input device, and output device

Controller: Overall computer command system

Calculator: Responsible for logical and mathematical operations

Memory (I/O): memory, External Storage

Input Device (I): keyboard, mouse...

Output device (0): Display, printer...

 

2. CPU

Controller + executor = CPU

How to work: Obtain commands --> analyze --> Execute

Instruction Set: software execution is performed by the CPU, and all software must be eventually converted to the CPU Instruction Set for execution.

 

3. Memory

 

4. Disks

 

Ii. Operating System

The operating system is a control program that coordinates, manages, and controls computer hardware and software.

 

Operating system startup process:

Power on --> BIOS --> detection hardware --> CMOS --> Find the boot disk --> read the first sector 512 Bytes (the first 446Bytes is the boot information bootloader, and 64BBytes is the partition information, the last 2 bytes is the end flag) --> load bootloader --> Read the operating system kernel (take over the BIOS task and control the computer) --> driver

 

The operating system is divided into interface programs (for applications) and kernel programs (for hardware control)

Interface Program: encapsulate hardware functions into simple interfaces for application software or users

 

Kernel state and user State: the CPU state.

User State: the state in which the CPU executes the user program or application. Hardware cannot be controlled in user mode

Kernel Status: the status of the CPU to execute the operating system kernel. Able to control hardware in kernel mode

 

How to start the program:

1. Submit the program Startup File Path to the Operating System

2. The operating system reads hard disk data into the memory according to the file path

3. The operating system calls the CPU to execute the program code just read in the memory.