Do you know each other? Interface inside and outside the PC

Every computer, regardless of the desktop or notebook, has many interfaces and slots inside and out. Do you know all of them? Maybe you are familiar with common interfaces such as USB, PS/2, and VGA, but do you know that SCART, HDMI, or USB interfaces are classified into Type A and Type B? In short, this is an article mainly intended for beginners of computers, but experienced users may also learn some new knowledge from this article.

Part 1 external interface: used to connect various PC peripherals
USB

USB Universal Serial Bus) is used to connect peripherals such as the mouse, keyboard, mobile hard disk, digital camera, VoIP Phone Skype, or printer to the PC. Theoretically, a single USB host controller can connect up to 127 devices.
USB currently has two versions. The maximum data transmission rate of USB 480 is 12 Mbps, and USB is increased to Mbps. Note: The physical interfaces of the two are completely the same. The difference in data transmission rate is completely determined by the USB host Controller and USB device of the PC. USB can provide up to 5 V, 500mA power to the device through a connection line.
There are three types of USB interfaces:
-Type A: generally used for PC
-Type B: generally used for USB devices
-Mini-USB: generally used for digital cameras, digital cameras, measuring instruments, and mobile hard disks.
Type A is connected to the PC on the left, and Type B is connected to the device on the right)

USB Mini


USB cable, generally not longer than 5 meters


Identify the USB logo on the connector


USB separator, each port can obtain 5 V 500mA of power. Large Power users such as mobile hard drives can use this wire to obtain additional power from the second USB port 500 + 500 = 1000mA)


Have you ever seen it: Battery Charger with USB interface


Common USB to PS/2 Interfaces

IEEE-1394/Firewire/I. Link
IEEE-1394 is a serial interface that is widely used in digital cameras, external drives, and a variety of network devices, Apple calls it Firewire), and Sony calls it I. Link. Currently, IEEE-1394 standards with a data transfer rate of Mbps are being replaced by a Mbps IEEE-1394b or Firewire-800. The 6-pin cables used by common FireWire devices provide power, and there is also a 4-pin cable that does not provide power. Firewire-800 devices use 9-pin cables and interfaces.
A 6-pin, 4-pin 1394 connection line


1394 expansion card bezel, provides two 6-pin interfaces and a small 4-pin Interface

6-pin connector with power supply available


4-pin connector without power supply, generally used for digital cameras and laptops


Cinch RCA composite video, audio, and HDTV components)

This interface transmits multiple electrical signals through a coaxial cable. Their functions can be easily distinguished by interface colors, as shown in the following table:

Warning: audio SPDIF/composite video FBAS), HDTV component/audio right audio. The colors of these two sets of interfaces may be easy to mix. Please check the instruction manual, note that there are always three HDTV component interfaces.
Different colors, transmission of different signals of the RCA cable


Two SPDIF digital audio interfaces: The left side is the RCA/coaxial interface, and the right side is the TOSLINK optical fiber) interface.

TOSKLINK Optical Fiber Interface

SCART-RCA adapter compound Video, dual-channel audio and S-Video). For details about SCART, see the following section.


Glossary:
RCA = Radio Corporation of America American Radio Corporation
SPDIF = Sony/Philips Digital Interfaces Sony/Philips Digital interface
PS/2
The PS/2 interface with color labels on the left, and no color labels on the right

PS/2 is an old interface that is widely used for keyboard and mouse connection. Currently, the PS/2 interface is generally color marked, purple is used to connect the keyboard, and green is used to connect the mouse.

Some PS/2 interfaces on the motherboard may not have color labels. Don't worry, the interface will not damage the device, but the mouse and keyboard will not work at this time, and the computer may not start, very simple, you must be able to adjust the interface with the mouse and keyboard.
USB-PS/2 adapter mentioned above

VGA display interface
VGA display interface on the video card

The display uses a 15-pin Mini-D-Sub, also known as HD15) interface to connect to the PC through the standard analog interface. With a suitable adapter, you can also connect a analog monitor to the DVI-I interface. VGA interfaces transmit red, green, and Blue values in RGB) and horizontal Sync H-Sync) and vertical Sync V-Sync) signals.
Display VGA connector on signal line


The new graphics card generally provides two DVI interfaces, you can use a DVI-VGA adapter to convert between the two interfaces.




Glossary: VGA = Video Graphics Array Video Image Array
DVI display interface


DVI is a display interface mainly for digital signals. This interface does not need to convert the digital signal generated by the video card into a Lossy analog signal, and then perform the opposite operation on the digital display device. The advantages of digital TDMS signal include allowing the display device to be responsible for Image Positioning and signal synchronization.
A graphics card with two DVI ports can be connected to two numbers at the same time .)

Because the process of replacing analog display with digital display is still relatively slow, the two technologies are still in the co-existence stage, and the current graphics card can usually support dual-display. The widely used DVI-I interface can support both analog and realistic signals. The rare multi-DVI-D interface can only output digital signal, can not output any analog signal. Many graphics and some displays provide DVI-I-VGA adapters so that older displays that only offer 15-pin D-Sub-VGA connectors can continue working on the DVI-I interface.
DVI-I is the most commonly used on the DVI interface type and its pin distribution graphics card)

Glossary: DVI = Digital Visual Interface
RJ45 for LAN and ISDN

Wired networks are primarily interconnected using twisted pair wires that we are familiar. Now, Gigabit Ethernet is gradually replacing 10-Gigabit Ethernet. There are two main types of network cables:
-Straight-through wires, the most widely used twisted pair wires
-Crossover line used for connection in special circumstances
If you want to directly connect two similar devices, such as two PCs, you can use a crossover without passing through a switch or hub.
RJ45 interface on PCI Nic

The NIC uses the LED indicator to indicate the active status of the network.

RJ45 interfaces are also used for network devices in Europe and North America. ISDN is widely used in Europe, while broadband connections in North America are widely used. However, only DSL uses RJ45, and cable modem usually uses BNC interfaces. Therefore, you need to note that the RJ45 interface is labeled as "LAN", "ISDN" or "DSL". Of course, the insertion error is no more worried about device damage.
Listen 11, used for Modem and telephone


Ike11 and RJ45 look very similar, but ike11 only has 4 needles, while RJ45 has 8 needles. On the computer, ipv11 is mainly used to connect to the modem. Because the telephone ports in different countries are different, there are many adapters for ipv11.
Interfaces on the notebook

Interfaces on the notebook The gossip 11 adapter for German phones. In the future, custom telephone interface specifications from various countries will gradually disappear S-Video, also known as Hosiden, Y/C) S-Video line This 4-pin interface can be used to separate and transmit brightness Y, with the brightness of synchronization data) and color C color ). Separating brightness and color provides better image quality than composite video FBAS. In the simulated Video signal, the HDTV component works best, and the second is S-Video. Of course, pure digital signals such as DVI or HDMI provided by TDMS can provide better images, which is the best choice currently. S-Video port on the Video card SCART SCART is a hybrid connector widely used in Europe and Asia. This interface can simultaneously transmit S-Video, RGB, and analog stereo audio frequency signals, but does not support the YpbPr and YcrCb components of HDTV. SCART interface used to connect TV and VCR SCART-RCA adapter compound Video, dual-channel audio and S-Video as mentioned above) HDMI HDMI is a Digital Multimedia Interface for transmitting unzipped HDTV signals. It supports up to x1080 staggered signals (1080i) and integrates digital rights management DRM) Anti-copy mechanism. Currently, we use a 19-Pin Type A interface. The 29-Pin Type B supports resolution higher than 1080i. The HDMI interface is not supported yet. HDMI and DVI-D use the same digital TDMS signal generation technology, so we can see HDMI-DVI adapters on high-end products. In addition, HDMI can transmit 8-channel, 24-bit, KHz sampling rate audio signals. The HDMI signal line should not exceed 15 meters. HDMI-DVI Adapter Glossary: HDMI = High Definition Multimedia Interface Part 2 Internal interface: used for internal connection of the PC System Serial ATA (SATA) Four SATA interfaces on the motherboard SATA is a serial bus that connects most storage devices to hard disks. It is used to replace the traditional parallel ATA interface. The first-generation SATA has been widely used. Its maximum data transmission rate is 150 MBps, and its signal line is up to 1 meters. SATA generally adopts a point-to-point connection method, that is, one end connects to the SATA interface on the motherboard, and the other end connects directly to the hard disk. No other device can share this data cable, parallel ATA allows one or two devices to be connected to each data line in this case. Therefore, you do not need to set the master disk and slave disk as the parallel ATA hard disk does. Many SATA data cable ends have protective covers to prevent delicate golden fingers from being damaged. Multiple SATA power cords SATA power connector Data lines of various colors Although SATA is mainly designed for use in the PC box, there are also many products that turn SATA into an external interface. Currently, SATA hard disks generally have two power interfaces. You can use traditional D-type power connectors. Or use a SATA power connector. ATA/133 (Parallel ATA, UltraDMA/133 or E-IDE) This is a Parallel bus used to connect hard disks, optical drive CDs, and DVDs, also known as Parallel ATA ). The latest version of parallel ATA uses 40-pin, 80-wire flat data lines to connect the motherboard and drive. Each data line can be connected to a maximum of two devices. You need to set the device as the master disk) and the slave disk slave). This setting is generally achieved through the jumper on the drive. IDE data line, pay attention to the protruding points on the connector and the lack of a pinhole Connect to a DVD drive: The Red Edge of the data cable is always close to the power cord ATA/133 interface: 2.5 "hard disk, and 3.5" hard disk. To use a 2.5 "laptop hard drive on a desktop, you can use this adapter. Warning in most cases, the emergence of the data line connector can effectively prevent reverse insertion of the data line, but some old data lines may not have such a design. When inserting a data line, follow this principle: the edge of one side of the data line with a color mark is generally red) it should be aligned with the side marked with number 1 on the motherboard IDE interface. In fact, this edge indicates the first shot. In addition, the colored edge of the data line should be close to the power cord of the drive. You also need to carefully check the IDE interfaces and data cable connectors on the motherboard and the drive to ensure that they are in the correct position of needle deficiency and pinhole deficiency. After connecting two devices with one data line, you need to use the blue patch cord in the middle to set the master and slave disks. The hard disks are usually illustrated or browsed by the hard disk manufacturer's website. Glossary: ATA = Advanced Technology Attachment Advanced Technology additional device E-IDE = Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics AGP graphic acceleration Interface AGP slots with fixed clips Currently, most graphics cards use the graphic acceleration interface (AGP), and a few computers have a long history. PCI interface graphics cards are still used. However, the new generation of PCI Express (PCIe) interfaces is surging, and it is likely to replace AGP. Note: PCI Express is a serial bus, while PCI does not contain Express) is a parallel bus. The two are completely different. For the PCI Express video card under the AGP video card, pay attention to the significant difference between the two Gold finger The wks motherboard uses an AGP Pro slot to provide additional power for OpenGL graphics cards with high power requirements. This interface can also be used to connect to mainstream graphics cards. However, the AGP Pro is not widely accepted. The current high-end graphics card either uses an independent power supply or designs additional power interfaces on the graphics card. High-end graphics cards provide additional power through a traditional 4-pin or 6-pin D Power Interface Common Molex 6-pin power interface on PCIe graphics card AGP speed and corresponding bandwidth Note: There are two kinds of Voltage Standards for the AGP interface: 3.3 V for the AGP 1X and 2X, while only 1.5 V for the AGP 4X and 8X. There is also a general-purpose AGP card that can adapt to two kinds of voltage. Proper locations in the AGP slot are separated to prevent the card from being inserted into incompatible slots. At the top is the 3.3 v agp video card with a gap on the left of the Golden finger. In the middle, the golden finger has two gaps. One is for the AGP 3.3 V, and the other is for the AGP 1.5 V, at the bottom is the 1.5 v agp video card with a gap on the right of the Golden finger. PCI Express: Serial Bus PCI Express X16 slot image top) and 2 2 PCI Express X1 slot pictures bottom) PCI-Express dual-slot for nVIDIA SLI graphics card, with a smaller PCI Express x1 slot in the middle PCI Express is a type of serial bus, and the PCI-X is detailed below) or PCI is a parallel bus interface. PCI Express (PCIe) is the latest interface used for graphics cards and can be used to connect other boards. However, there are currently few such boards. In theory, PCIe X16 can provide one-way transmission bandwidth nearly twice that of AGP 8X, but in fact, its advantages are not fully utilized by today's graphics cards. (Above the AGP video card image) and under the PCI-Express video card image) From top to bottom: PCI Express x16, two PCI, PCI Express x1 PCIe channels and corresponding bandwidth PCI & PCI-X: parallel bus PCI is a bus standard used to connect various PC boards, such as NICs, Modem cards, sound cards, and video editing cards. Most mainstream boards use 32-bit, 33 MHz, and 2.1 PCI interfaces to provide a maximum bandwidth of 133 Mb/s. Some boards also have a 2.3 PCI version of MHz, but currently there are not many products that comply with this specification. Another direction of parallel PCI bus development is PCI-X. This type of slot is common on workstations and server boards. This high-bandwidth interface is required for SCSI controllers and multi-port NICs. For example, the 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X 1.0 can provide 1 Gbit/s bandwidth. PCI 2.1 specifications currently support 3.3V voltage. The left-side split of the slot can prevent incorrect insertion of the old model 5 v pci board diagram) This video card has a gap on the left side of the Golden finger and can be correctly inserted into the 3.3 v pci slot Insert a RAID Controller with a 64-bit PCI-X slot The top is a 32-bit PCI slot with 3 64-bit PCI-X slots below, and the bottom green slots support ZCRZero Channel RAID) Glossary: interface for connecting components around PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect Power interface and ATX Standard Power plug AMD/Intel ATX power specifications 24-pin extended ATXExtented ATX) power plug 20-pin ATX motherboard Power Interface 20-pin ATX power cord 6-pin EPS Connector Hard-to-see power cords 20/24-pin detachable motherboard power connector ATX or EATX) Error example! Do not insert the 4-pin extension connector of the 20/24-pin detachable power connector into the 12 V auxiliary AUX) in the Power interface, which is generally far away from your reach ). This guy either became part of the Extended ATX power connector or completely useless on the motherboard using a 20-pin ATX Power interface ). This separate 4-pin power cord is a 12 V auxiliary AUX power supply interface, which is easy to recognize: Two yellow and two black wires Some mainboards also need such a D-type power supply connector for additional power supply. Finally, let's make a summary.