How the computer is running

I. Three fundamental foundations of the computer

1, the computer is the implementation of input, operation, output of the machine;

2, the program is a set of instructions and data;

3, the computer processing mode is sometimes different from people's thinking habits;

Description: What is digital to the computer, in order to close to human, the computer is constantly changing.

Second, the component elements of computer hardware

1, CPU, memory, and I/O

The CPU is the brain of the computer, which can perform operations on the data and control the memory and I/O;

Memory for storing data and instructions;

I/O is responsible for connecting the mouse, keyboard, monitor and other peripherals and hosts together.

Description: cpu-CPU (central processing unit)

HZ: The clock frequency that drives the operation, one second to send the clock signal is 1hz, m for 1 million;

Third, the type of CPU

1. Thin instruction set: Each instruction executes in a very short time, such as the CPU of the ARM architecture.

2, complex instruction set: the number of instructions and complex, each instruction length and different, take a long time, but each instruction processing more rich, common with Intel and other X86 architecture CPU.

Four, interface equipment

Motherboard: Responsible for connecting all the devices together, so that all the equipment can be coordinated and communication; Motherboard components: Motherboard chipsets, bringing together all devices;

Storage devices: Hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, tapes, etc.

Display device: Video card, with the accuracy of the display, color and resolution of the relationship

Network device: NIC

Five, the operation of the computer process

1, CPU = brain, judgment control;

2. Memory = recorded chunks in the brain

3. Hard disk = memory chunks in the brain

4. Motherboard = Nervous system, connect important components together

5, the interface equipment = human body and the outside world communication hand, foot, skin, eyes, etc., is the human body and the outside world the key part of interaction

6. Video card = image in the head

7. Power supply = Heart

Overview: The entire host is the most important CPU and memory, CPU data from the memory, if you want to use the past experience to judge things, you need to put the contents of the hard disk into memory, and then to the CPU to judge, and then send commands to each interface device.

Six, the computer commonly used computing units

Size unit: The computer logs information by having no power, 1 bytes = 8 bit, and the size units are expressed in binary notation. k= 1024B M = 1024K g= 1024M t= 1024G P = 1024T

Speed unit: One of HZ seconds, speed using decimal notation;

Vii. Personal Computers

Intel's Chipset Architecture:

North Bridge: Responsible for connecting the fast CPU, memory, graphics and other components;

South Bridge: Responsible for the connection speed of the peripheral interface, hard disk, USB, network card, etc.

AMD's chipset Architecture: Memory directly communicates with the CPU, not through the North Bridge, in order to speed up communication between the two, integrating the memory control components into the CPU.

Eight, CPU

Single core: only one compute unit

Multicore: Embedding multiple compute cores into a CPU clock

FSB: The speed of data transmission and calculation for CPU and external components;

Octave: A multiple of the internal CPU used to speed up the performance of the work;

Frequency: FSB * octave

Overclocking: The CPU multiplier or FSB through the motherboard to change the setting function to a higher frequency of a way, the frequency multiplier can not be modified, so mainly through the FSB to achieve overclocking.

32-bit and 64-bit: CPU and memory communication speed is dependent on FSB, the size of each transmission of data is determined by the function of the bus, the North Bridge bus is called the system bus, is the main channel of memory transmission, the South bridge is the input and output I/O bus, mainly for connecting hard disk, USB, NIC and other interface equipment, North Bridge is supported by the frequency called the front-end bus speed, the number of bits per transmission is the bus width, the maximum amount of data transmitted each second is the bus speed * bus width, the common bus width of 32-bit and 64-bit, the CPU each can process the amount of data called Word Group size, according to the CPU design has 32 and 64 bits Note: The size of the word group can be different from the bus width.

Ix. Memory: The data used by the CPU is from the memory

Classification:

DDR: Double data transfer speed, two times in a single work cycle, similar to the CPU frequency multiplier;

SRAM: Static random access memory;

DRAM: Dynamic random access memory;

Parameters: Data width, FSB, frequency, bandwidth, capacity

Note: The memory model is related to CPU and chipset; the larger the capacity, the quicker the system.

Dual-Channel design: Two memory is combined together, the data width of the memory is increased by one-fold, the same type of memory must be inserted in the same color slot;

CPU two-tier cache: integrated in the CPU, the commonly used programs or data in the CPU two cache, will greatly improve the performance of the CPU, L2 memory must be the same speed as the CPU frequency, using SRAM implementation.

Read-only Memory: ROM, Power is not lost, the BIOS program is written to die in such memory chip;

Ten, graphics card

The memory capacity of the video card will affect the screen resolution and color depth, because the color will occupy memory;

The computing power of the graphics card determines the 3D screen texture by embedding a 3D accelerator chip on the graphics card, the GPU.

Parameters: Width, speed, bandwidth;

Xi. hard drives and storage devices

Storage device: Hard disk, floppy disk, CD, DVD, u disk, etc.

HDD Composition: Many discs, robotic arms, heads, spindle motors

Data written on the magnetic material of the disc, the spindle motor to rotate the disc, read and write mainly through the mechanical arm of the read and write head on the disc above the read and write operations.

How the disc's data is written

Sector: The minimum storage unit for a disk, with a sector size of 512 bytes, and does not change;

Track: A circle consisting of a sector is called a track;

Cylinder: The same track on all platters is composed of a cylinder; is the smallest unit of the partition drive;

Hard disk storage = Number of headers * Number of cylinders per header * Number of sectors included on each cylinder * sector capacity;

Note: The merchant displays a hard disk capacity of decimal, but the actual storage size is used in binary calculations.

12, Transmission interface: The connection between the hard disk and the host system needs the transmission interface implementation.

Classification:

IDE interface: The use of a wide line, each line can be connected to two IDE devices, can achieve the master-slave architecture of the two devices;

SATA interface: The line is thinner, each line can only be connected to a SATA device, faster. Mainstream interface;

SCSI interface: The hard disk controller contains the processor, fast and does not consume CPU resources;

Buffer Memory: Cache The data in the hard drive to speed up the read performance of the system.

Speed: The hard disk mainly through the spindle motor rotating disk to access, so the speed of the slow impact performance;

Jitter when running can cause damage to data or disk, because the space between the head and the disk in the robotic arm is very small.

How the computer is running