Internet Structure Analysis

Transferred from: Region (autonomous domain system number), there are many as number attached to these ISP, so the actual number of operators is far more than this. ISP interconnection is relatively borderless, so there is no centralized management and no tariffs are required. However, the Internet is actually central in the United States. The United States is the birthplace of ISP, and the predecessor of the Internet is the ARPANET of the United States. Uunet, level3, sprint, at&t, the world-renowned American ISP is currently a transit station for the entire Internet, so they are also called backbone operators or transit operators. A backbone carrier provides a connection to all Internet destinations, that is, it has the most complete route table. To access networks in other regions around the world, other carriers must rent a transit link from the backbone carrier, that is to say, to establish a transmit relationship. For example, if China wants to access a website in Germany, traffic will go through the United States. Later, a new ISP joining method emerged-to become a peer relationship, that is, the peer and peer are only accessing each other, providing a pre-determined route table for each other, and not using the other party as a transit station to access other ISPs. For example, China Telecom and Deutsche Telekom become peer relationships, so their respective networks can be accessed. However, if China wants to access a network in the United States, Deutsche Telekom is powerless. However, there are conditions for establishing a peer relationship. From the perspective of one party, if the uplink: downlink>. 8. The peer relationship is established with the peer. If the uplink is downstream, the peer relationship is <. 8. It indicates that there is no content in the other party's network. We don't have many people here to visit their websites and download their things, so we don't bother to establish a peer relationship with the other party, pay the traffic fee. Therefore, if China's telecom industry wants to reduce its costs and take an active role internationally, the hardware lies in technological updates, and the software lies in how we show China's characteristics and enrich the original network resources, to attract more foreign friends to visit our website and pay attention to our culture. In traditional opinion, internet is a well-organized hierarchical architecture, which is divided from backbone operators-national operators-regional operators-local operators, but the actual interconnection status is unordered, in the end, ISP is an enterprise and driven by commercial interests. For example, if the two ISP data centers are close, and the network performance of the two ISPs is improved after interconnection, the peer relationship will be established, it does not take into account what level of ISP the other party is. At present, the establishment of peer-to-peer organizations is deemed to be legal company behaviors, and the signed agreements are not made public, therefore, no third-party organizations are involved in maintaining an ideal Hierarchical architecture. In the past, content providers (such as websites dedicated to Video Delivery) preferred to purchase relay links from the tier1 ISP (level 1 ISP, mostly backbone ISP) to provide services, but now it has changed, the content provider adds a connection with the tier2 ISP to provide content directly to the network in the corresponding region to avoid intermediate traffic. This reduces the fee of the intermediate link between tier2 and tier1 ISP. We can see that the interconnection between ISPs is also transforming from the traditional C/S mode to the P2P mode. Currently, ISPs do not simply try their best to transmit traffic, but require completely new network control to provide stable and differentiated services, such as dividing traffic into voice, Viedo, and emergency services, web, and provide different service quality. Finally, I listed the ranking of telecom enterprises launched by global 100. Most of these top 10 ISPs are deployed on a global network, not just in their own countries, but China Telecom Netcom will continue to work. Top10: NTT Verizon Germany Telecom France Telecom Vodafone Group teleonia at&t Italy Telecom Sprint Nextel British Telecom ISP (Internet Service prodiver), we call it a network operator and a service enterprise that provides Internet access for us, they purchase telecom-grade equipment, set up their own networks nationwide or even globally, and sell bandwidth again. The profit depends on what business they sell. Based on this profit method, ISP is more and more aware of the impact of P2P technology. P2P technology makes the original C/S network model gradually fade out of people's vision, with eMule installed, the terminals of P2P software such as Skype are both servers and clients. The download efficiency is much higher than before, and there is no need to compete for centralized server resources. The higher the number of downloads, the faster the download speed, we have also changed from competitors to friends, and actually enjoyed the benefits of resource sharing. But in this way, the ISP is suffering. Because there is no real server, it is difficult for the ISP to grasp the network traffic trend, and it cannot charge high bandwidth fees for content providers as before. For example, many people used to recognize huajun Software Park for downloading. Because the speed is fast and the software is trustworthy, huajun must increase the local egress bandwidth to meet more users, that is to say, we need to pay more money to China Telecom Netcom. Now, we all use download software such as thunder Express, which often looks good during the day at night. This makes the ISP network full of cheap P2P traffic around the clock, saying it is cheap, the reason is that the cost of connecting an individual user to the Internet is not an order of magnitude as compared with that paid by content providers. Even if a large number of people bring about a small profit, the bandwidth occupied by backbone networks is rather astonishing, ISP networks are under great pressure and rectification is imperative. The CEO of at&t (a world-renowned American ISP) said: "Before P2P eats us, we must take measures!" Next, let's take a brief look at the effect of applying MPLS technology to at&t after rectification. MPLS is also the main trend of ISP development in the future. The at&t network has 4 TB of traffic every day, and 3 million minutes of VoIP, serving 60 thousand of customers. Services involving VoIP, audio/web conferencing, email, LAN/WAN data network access, desktop and application support. After the rectification, the cost of initial equipment for users is reduced by 22%. The cost of backbone network is reduced by 25% when the capacity is increased by 4 times, effectively alleviating the P2P Traffic pressure, at the same time, the availability also increased from 99.999% to 99.9999%, which means that the whole network cannot be served within 30 s in a year. ISP itself only provides bandwidth and has no content. Enterprises need to put the content on the Internet (portal websites such as Sohu and Sina), but they do not have their own basic network, so they need to cooperate with ISP, lease their lines and buy a certain amount of bandwidth, but still need to build their own machine room. To address this problem, the ISP provides another service, namely server hosting. The hosted data center is called IDC (Internet Data Center), so that enterprises can lease cabinets, you do not have to buy cabinets and wiring for your servers. However, the operation level of IDC in China remains to be improved. It can only provide basic services such as server hosting and leasing cabinets, such as disaster tolerance and storage, the high-value-added services of Server clusters have not been widely carried out yet, so the applications and services are still a bit simple.