One of the linux study summaries

One of linux's learning summaries is several linux interfaces: GUIGnome (c) KDE (c ++) XFaceCLIsh, csh, ksh, bash, and zshlinux: shell -- app -- api library -- OS: systemcall, interrupt software design process: the abbreviation of internationalization is i18n (18 indicates 18 letters in the middle

One of the linux learning summaries

Linux interfaces:
GUI
Gnome (c)
KDE (c ++)
XFace
CLI
Sh, csh, ksh, bash, zsh

Linux: Shell --, app --, api library --, OS: system call, interrupt

Software design process:
The abbreviation of internationalization is i18n (18 indicates 18 letters in the middle)
Process: Generally, the message translation is placed in the text file attached to the software.NcAt or msgFmtCompiled into a compact binary file. The compiled information is installed in a specific system directory tree.
GNU/usr/share/locale and/usr/local/share/locale
Or/usr/lib/n for commercial unix systemsLsOr/usr/lib/locale
Localized localization abbreviated to l10n

Linux terminal:
Terminal: six virtual terminals and one graphic Terminal
CommandLine Interface operation tips:
1. Enter startx in the command line to enter the graphic interface, but do not execute startx repeatedly.
2, startx --: 1 & Start Multiple graphic interfaces (the number is the desktop Code). The virtual terminals start from 0, and the graphic interfaces start from 1.
3, shift + pageup (pagEdOwn) page flip
CTrL + shift + c Replication
Ctrl + shift + v Paste
Ctrl + shift + t open multiple simulated terminal pages
Alt + f4 close the terminal
Ctrl + pageup multiple tags for switchover

The administrator can change the password of another user without entering the old password.
1. Change the password and run the following command:PasswdStudent (student is the user name to be modified)
2. Password Complexity (at least 7 characters)

Command Execution format in linux:
# Command [options] [arguments]
1. The options conversion command is executed in short and long options.
Long option -- help
Short options-l,-h
2. The role object of the arguments command
; Semicolons can separate multiple commands in the same line. shell will execute these commands once
& Symbol indicates that shell will execute the command before it in the background. shell can continue to execute the next command without waiting for the command to complete.

Quick User Switching
Su[Option] [arguments]
Su-l switch user (open a logon shell)
Example:
Currently, the root account is logged on and switched to su student. The home directory is still root, while su-l student is used to directly switch to the home directory/home/student.

Command history usage
(One Thousand commands are stored in the linux system history.) use the up and down arrows to use the previously used commands.
Or! N the nth command of the historical command
Or! String (the most recent command starting with string in History commands)
Or! -N: Last n commands

Linux Operating Skills
1 ,! $ Or alt +. Or esc +. You can reference the last parameter of the previous command.
Example: # ls-l/etc/passwd the First Command
#Grep"User1 "! $ Is equivalent to the second command # grep "user1"/etc/passwd
2,ExPrt HISTCONTROL = ignorespace
For example, this command is recorded in the history of # ls-l/etc/passwd.
#ExprT HISTCONTROL = ignorespace first execute this command
# Ls-l/etc/passwd command history does not record this command
Exprt HISTCONTROL = ignoreDuPs before ignoring commands
Exprt HISTCONTROL = ignoreboth before ignoring the command
UnSetHISTCONTROL undo the preceding command
3, history-c Delete history command

Nano Editor (equivalent to vim editor)
Ctrl + o save the file
Ctrl + x exit editing

Files in linux
1. File
/Bin: BINARY command
/Sbin: super management command
/Boot directory, kernel, grub, initrd
/Dev: Device File directory, special file directory
/Etc: configuration file directory
/Home: home Directory/root administrator's home directory (users can have no home directory)
/Lib: library file. There is no program execution entry, but it can be called.
/Media,/mnt: Mount directory of the additional File System
/Misc: Miscellaneous directory
/Opt: optional Directory for third-party software installation
/Proc: pseudo directory, kernel image (involved during optimization)
/Selinux: linux Security Enhancement
/Srv: directory of files generated by temporary files
/Sys: hardware information in the kernel (this will be involved during optimization)
/Tmp: temporary file directory
/Usr: directory for generating installation software files and third-party software installation information
/Var: changed information
2. Directory
/Etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
The first "/" indicates the "/" after the root directory, indicating the directory Separator
. Current Directory
.. The upper-level directory of the current directory
~ Home Directory of the current directory
.A.txt hide files or directories
Cd: Switch to the Home Directory of the current user
Cd-: switches between the current directory and the previous directory.
Cd ~ User1: switch to the Home Directory of user1.
Ls-l-h (human readable format)
-A-A (not displayed. And .. Directory)
-D (display the information of the directory rather than the sub-directory information)
-R (reverse display)-R recursive display
Pwd: Pringting working directory displays the current directory path
3. Directory operations
Create directory
Mkdir-P: create a continuous directory
Example:
When/x/test.txt is passed through mkdir-p/x/y/z, the test.txt file will be affiliated to the y directory.
Ls-R orTreeView multi-level directories and files
Delete directory
RmDir can be directly deleted/x/y/z
Move files
MvSource dest (this command can also be renamed as a file)
Mv a B c d indicates that if a B c d is a file, an error occurs. If a B c d is a directory, a B c is moved to d.
Mv/var/x/var/tmp/y indicates that if y is a directory, move x to/var/tmp/and name it y. If y is a file, an error occurs.

LinuxFile. Html 'target = '_ blank'>File Type:
Common file-
Directory file d
Symbolic Link file l
Block Device B random access, one unit per access (hard disk)
Character Device c linear access, one character at a time (keyboard, display)
Socket File s
Command pipeline file p

After ls-l, each item in the list indicates the number of hard links of the file type (file once directory twice). The owner's group size file was last modified.
Last access time
Last modification time modify
Last change time
StatView the time attribute of a file or directory

TouchCreate an empty file rm delete the file
Rm-r recursive Deletion
-F force Delete
-I-query-based Deletion

Cp-R can copy directories.
-I: querycopy
-P: retain original attributes and Groups
-A =-rp
Example:
Cp/etc/inittab/var/tmp/x.txt
Cp a B c d Where d must be a directory