以音效卡驅動的資料結構為切入點分析:
/* SoC card */struct snd_soc_card { const char *name; struct device *dev; struct snd_card *snd_card; //在snd_soc_instantiate_card中利用snd_card_create建立音效卡 struct module *owner; struct list_head list; struct mutex mutex; bool instantiated; int (*probe)(struct snd_soc_card *card); int (*late_probe)(struct snd_soc_card *card); int (*remove)(struct snd_soc_card *card); /* the pre and post PM functions are used to do any PM work before and * after the codec and DAI's do any PM work. */ int (*suspend_pre)(struct snd_soc_card *card); int (*suspend_post)(struct snd_soc_card *card); int (*resume_pre)(struct snd_soc_card *card); int (*resume_post)(struct snd_soc_card *card); /* callbacks */ int (*set_bias_level)(struct snd_soc_card *, enum snd_soc_bias_level level); int (*set_bias_level_post)(struct snd_soc_card *, enum snd_soc_bias_level level); long pmdown_time; /* CPU <--> Codec DAI links */ struct snd_soc_dai_link *dai_link; int num_links; struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd; int num_rtd; /* optional codec specific configuration */ struct snd_soc_codec_conf *codec_conf; int num_configs; /*optional auxiliary devices such as amplifiers or codecs with DAI link unused*/ struct snd_soc_aux_dev *aux_dev; int num_aux_devs; struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd_aux; int num_aux_rtd; /* Card-specific routes and widgets.*/ struct snd_soc_dapm_widget *dapm_widgets; int num_dapm_widgets; struct snd_soc_dapm_route *dapm_routes; int num_dapm_routes; struct work_struct deferred_resume_work; //屬於這個card的已經探測到的裝置列表 /* lists of probed devices belonging to this card */ struct list_head codec_dev_list; struct list_head platform_dev_list; struct list_head dai_dev_list; struct list_head widgets; struct list_head paths; struct list_head dapm_list; /* Generic DAPM context for the card */ struct snd_soc_dapm_context dapm;#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FS struct dentry *debugfs_card_root; struct dentry *debugfs_pop_time;#endif u32 pop_time; void *drvdata;};/* SoC machine DAI configuration, glues(膠水) a codec and cpu DAI together */struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime { struct device dev; struct snd_soc_card *card; struct snd_soc_dai_link *dai_link; unsigned int complete:1; unsigned int dev_registered:1; /* Symmetry data - only valid if symmetry is being enforced */ unsigned int rate; long pmdown_time; /* runtime devices */ struct snd_pcm *pcm; struct snd_soc_codec *codec; struct snd_soc_platform *platform; struct snd_soc_dai *codec_dai; struct snd_soc_dai *cpu_dai; struct delayed_work delayed_work;};1) struct snd_soc_codec - 由與平台無關的codec驅動實現。2) struct snd_soc_platform - 由與imx平台相關的DAI驅動實現,主要實現了音頻資料的DMA傳輸功能。3) struct snd_soc_dai_link - 將平台相關的DAI與平台無關的codec聯絡起來。 與聲音相關的邏輯裝置都是在snd_card的管理之下,音效卡驅動的第一個動作通常就是建立一個snd_card結構體。 1. struct snd_card { 2. int number; /* number of soundcard (index to snd_cards) */ 3. char id[16]; /* id string of this card */ 4. char driver[16]; /* driver name */ 5. char shortname[32]; /* short name of this soundcard */ 6. char longname[80]; /* name of this soundcard */ 7. char mixername[80]; /* mixer name */ 8. char components[128]; /* card components delimited with space */ 9. struct module *module; /* top-level module */ 10. 11. void *private_data; /* private data for soundcard 音效卡的私人資料,可以在建立音效卡時通過參數指定資料的大小 */ 12. void (*private_free) (struct snd_card *card); /* callback for freeing of private data */ 13. struct list_head devices; /* devices 記錄該音效卡下所有邏輯裝置的鏈表 */ 14. 15. unsigned int last_numid; /* last used numeric ID */ 16. struct rw_semaphore controls_rwsem; /* controls list lock */ 17. rwlock_t ctl_files_rwlock; /* ctl_files list lock */ 18. int controls_count; /* count of all controls */ 19. int user_ctl_count; /* count of all user controls */ 20. struct list_head controls; /* all controls for this card 記錄該音效卡下所有的控制單元的鏈表 */ 21. struct list_head ctl_files; /* active control files */ 22. 23. struct snd_info_entry *proc_root; /* root for soundcard specific files */ 24. struct snd_info_entry *proc_id; /* the card id */ 25. struct proc_dir_entry *proc_root_link; /* number link to real id */ 26. 27. struct list_head files_list; /* all files associated to this card */ 28. struct snd_shutdown_f_ops *s_f_ops; /* file operations in the shutdown state */ 29. spinlock_t files_lock; /* lock the files for this card */ 30. int shutdown; /* this card is going down */ 31. int free_on_last_close; /* free in context of file_release */ 32. wait_queue_head_t shutdown_sleep; 33. struct device *dev; /* device assigned to this card */ 34. #ifndef CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED 35. struct device *card_dev; /* cardX object for sysfs */ 36. #endif 37. 38. #ifdef CONFIG_PM 39. unsigned int power_state; /* power state */ 40. struct mutex power_lock; /* power lock */ 41. wait_queue_head_t power_sleep; 42. #endif 43. 44. #if defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS_MODULE) 45. struct snd_mixer_oss *mixer_oss; 46. int mixer_oss_change_count; 47. #endif 48. }; 建立音效卡的功能組件(邏輯裝置),例如PCM,Mixer,MIDI等。
每一種組件的建立最終會調用snd_device_new()來產生一個snd_device執行個體,並把該執行個體連結到snd_card的devices鏈表中。
通常,alsa-driver的已經提供了一些常用的組件的建立函數,而不必直接調用snd_device_new(),比如:
PCM ---- snd_pcm_new()
RAWMIDI -- snd_rawmidi_new()
CONTROL -- snd_ctl_create()
- controlC0 --> 用於音效卡的控制,例如通道選擇,混音,麥克風的控制等
- midiC0D0 --> 用於播放midi音頻
- pcmC0D0c --〉 用於錄音的pcm裝置
- pcmC0D0p --〉 用於播放的pcm裝置
- seq --〉 音序器
- timer --〉 定時器
core 該目錄包含了ALSA驅動的中介層,它是整個ALSA驅動的核心部分i2c ALSA自己的I2C控制碼soc 針對system-on-chip體系的中介層代碼soc/codecs 針對soc體系的各種codec的代碼,與平台無關
每個音效卡最多可以包含4個pcm的執行個體,每個pcm執行個體對應一個pcm裝置檔案。
ALSA已經為我們實現了功能強勁的PCM中介層,自己的驅動中只要實現一些底層的需要訪問硬體的函數即可。
大多數情況下,在嵌入式裝置中,一個pcm執行個體已經足夠了。一個pcm執行個體由一個playback stream和一個capture stream組成,這兩個stream又分別有一個或多個substreams組成。
pcm中介層的幾個重要的結構體的關係圖
struct snd_pcm {
struct snd_card *card;
struct list_head list;
int device; /* device number */
unsigned int info_flags;
unsigned short dev_class;
unsigned short dev_subclass;
char id[64];
char name[80];
struct snd_pcm_str streams[2];
struct mutex open_mutex;
wait_queue_head_t open_wait;
void *private_data;
void (*private_free) (struct snd_pcm *pcm);
struct device *dev; /* actual hw device this belongs to */
#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
struct snd_pcm_oss oss;
#endif
};
1 snd_pcm是掛在snd_card下面的一個snd_device
2 snd_pcm中的欄位:streams[2],該數組中的兩個元素指向兩個snd_pcm_str結構,分別代表playback stream和capture stream。
3 snd_pcm_str中的substream欄位,指向snd_pcm_substream結構
4 snd_pcm_substream是pcm中介層的核心,絕大部分任務都是在substream中處理,尤其是他的ops(snd_pcm_ops)欄位,
許多user空間的應用程式通過alsa-lib對驅動程式的請求都是由該結構中的函數處理。它的runtime欄位則指向snd_pcm_runtime結構,
snd_pcm_runtime記錄這substream的一些重要的軟體和硬體運行環境和參數。
struct snd_pcm_str {
int stream; /* stream (direction) */
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
/* -- substreams -- */
unsigned int substream_count;
unsigned int substream_opened;
struct snd_pcm_substream *substream;
#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
/* -- OSS things -- */
struct snd_pcm_oss_stream oss;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SND_VERBOSE_PROCFS
struct snd_info_entry *proc_root;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_info_entry;
#ifdef CONFIG_SND_PCM_XRUN_DEBUG
unsigned int xrun_debug; /* 0 = disabled, 1 = verbose, 2 = stacktrace */
struct snd_info_entry *proc_xrun_debug_entry;
#endif
#endif
};
struct snd_pcm_substream {
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
struct snd_pcm_str *pstr;
void *private_data; /* copied from pcm->private_data */
int number;
char name[32]; /* substream name */
int stream; /* stream (direction) */
struct pm_qos_request_list latency_pm_qos_req; /* pm_qos request */
size_t buffer_bytes_max; /* limit ring buffer size */
struct snd_dma_buffer dma_buffer;
unsigned int dma_buf_id;
size_t dma_max;
/* -- hardware operations -- */
struct snd_pcm_ops *ops;
/* -- runtime information -- */
struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime;
/* -- timer section -- */
struct snd_timer *timer; /* timer */
unsigned timer_running: 1; /* time is running */
/* -- next substream -- */
struct snd_pcm_substream *next;
/* -- linked substreams -- */
struct list_head link_list; /* linked list member */
struct snd_pcm_group self_group; /* fake group for non linked substream (with substream lock inside) */
struct snd_pcm_group *group; /* pointer to current group */
/* -- assigned files -- */
void *file;
int ref_count;
atomic_t mmap_count;
unsigned int f_flags;
void (*pcm_release)(struct snd_pcm_substream *);
struct pid *pid;
#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
/* -- OSS things -- */
struct snd_pcm_oss_substream oss;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SND_VERBOSE_PROCFS
struct snd_info_entry *proc_root;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_info_entry;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_hw_params_entry;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_sw_params_entry;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_status_entry;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_prealloc_entry;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_prealloc_max_entry;
#endif
/* misc flags */
unsigned int hw_opened: 1;
};
建立一個pcm可以用下面一張建立pcm的調用的順序圖表進行描述:
建立pcm的順序圖表
snd_pcm_set_ops 設定作業該pcm的控制/操作介面函數,參數中的snd_pcm_ops結構中的函數通常就是我們驅動要實現的函數
snd_card_register 註冊音效卡,在這個階段會遍曆音效卡下的所有邏輯裝置,並且調用各裝置的註冊回呼函數,
對於pcm,就是第二步提到的snd_pcm_dev_register函數,該回呼函數建立了和使用者空間應用程式(alsa-lib)通訊所用的裝置檔案節點:/dev/snd/pcmCxxDxxp
和/dev/snd/pcmCxxDxxc (這些裝置節點由alsa-lib使用,使用者不直接使用)。
snd_pcm_dev_register調用snd_register_device_for_dev,snd_register_device_for_dev調用device_create建立裝置節點。snd_register_device_for_dev有個參數
snd_pcm_f_ops,它是一個標準的檔案系統file_operations結構數組,它的定義在sound/core/pcm_native.c中:並被記錄在snd_minors[minor]中的欄位f_ops中。
/*
* Register section
*/
//used in pcm.c
const struct file_operations snd_pcm_f_ops[2] = {
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = snd_pcm_write,
.aio_write = snd_pcm_aio_write,
.open = snd_pcm_playback_open,
.release = snd_pcm_release,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.poll = snd_pcm_playback_poll,
.unlocked_ioctl = snd_pcm_playback_ioctl,
.compat_ioctl = snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
.mmap = snd_pcm_mmap,
.fasync = snd_pcm_fasync,
.get_unmapped_area = snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
},
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = snd_pcm_read,
.aio_read = snd_pcm_aio_read,
.open = snd_pcm_capture_open,
.release = snd_pcm_release,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.poll = snd_pcm_capture_poll,
.unlocked_ioctl = snd_pcm_capture_ioctl,
.compat_ioctl = snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
.mmap = snd_pcm_mmap,
.fasync = snd_pcm_fasync,
.get_unmapped_area = snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
}
};
在sound/core/sound.c中有alsa_sound_init()函數,其中有:
register_chrdev(major, "alsa", &snd_fops),參數major與之前建立pcm裝置是device_create時的major是同一個,這樣的結果是,
當應用程式open裝置檔案/dev/snd/pcmCxDxp時,會進入snd_fops的open回呼函數。
static const struct file_operations snd_fops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = snd_open,
.llseek = noop_llseek,
};
snd_open函數,它首先從inode中取出此裝置號,然後以次裝置號為索引,從snd_minors全域數組中取出當初註冊pcm裝置時填充的snd_minor結構
,然後從snd_minor結構中取出pcm裝置的f_ops,並且把file->f_op替換為pcm裝置的f_ops,緊接著直接調用pcm裝置的f_ops->open(),然後返回。
因為file->f_op已經被替換,以後,應用程式的所有read/write/ioctl調用都會進入pcm裝置自己的回呼函數中,也就是snd_pcm_f_ops結構中定義的回調。
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