Android開發筆記之:深入理解多線程AsyncTask

Understanding AsyncTask
AsyncTask是Android 1.5 Cubake加入的用於實現非同步作業的一個類，在此之前只能用Java SE庫中的Thread來實現多線程非同步，AsyncTask是Android平台自己的非同步工具，融入了Android平台的特性，讓非同步作業更加的安全，方便和實用。實質上它也是對Java SE庫中Thread的一個封裝，加上了平台相關的特性，所以對於所有的多線程非同步都強烈推薦使用AsyncTask，因為它考慮，也融入了Android平台的特性，更加的安全和高效。
AsyncTask可以方便的執行非同步作業（doInBackground)，又能方便的與主線程進行通訊，它本身又有良好的封裝性，可以進行取消操作（cancel())。關於AsyncTask的使用，文檔說的很明白，下面直接上執行個體。
執行個體
這個執行個體用AsyncTask到網路上下載圖片，同時顯示進度，下載完圖片更新UI。 複製代碼 代碼如下:package com.hilton.effectiveandroid.concurrent;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ProgressBar;
import com.hilton.effectiveandroid.R;
/*
* AsyncTask cannot be reused, i.e. if you have executed one AsyncTask, you must discard it, you cannot execute it again.
* If you try to execute an executed AsyncTask, you will get "java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot execute task: the task is already running"
* In this demo, if you click "get the image" button twice at any time, you will receive "IllegalStateException".
* About cancellation:
* You can call AsyncTask#cancel() at any time during AsyncTask executing, but the result is onPostExecute() is not called after
* doInBackground() finishes, which means doInBackground() is not stopped. AsyncTask#isCancelled() returns true after cancel() getting
* called, so if you want to really cancel the task, i.e. stop doInBackground(), you must check the return value of isCancelled() in
* doInBackground, when there are loops in doInBackground in particular.
* This is the same to Java threading, in which is no effective way to stop a running thread, only way to do is set a flag to thread, and check
* the flag every time in Thread#run(), if flag is set, run() aborts.
*/
public class AsyncTaskDemoActivity extends Activity {
private static final String ImageUrl = "http://i1.cqnews.net/sports/attachement/jpg/site82/2011-10-01/2960950278670008721.jpg";
private ProgressBar mProgressBar;
private ImageView mImageView;
private Button mGetImage;
private Button mAbort;

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
super.onCreate(icicle);
setContentView(R.layout.async_task_demo_activity);
mProgressBar = (ProgressBar) findViewById(R.id.async_task_progress);
mImageView = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.async_task_displayer);
final ImageLoader loader = new ImageLoader();
mGetImage = (Button) findViewById(R.id.async_task_get_image);
mGetImage.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
loader.execute(ImageUrl);
}
});
mAbort = (Button) findViewById(R.id.asyc_task_abort);
mAbort.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
loader.cancel(true);
}
});
mAbort.setEnabled(false);
}

private class ImageLoader extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, Bitmap> {
private static final String TAG = "ImageLoader";
@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
// Initialize progress and image
mGetImage.setEnabled(false);
mAbort.setEnabled(true);
mProgressBar.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
mProgressBar.setProgress(0);
mImageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.icon);
}

@Override
protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... url) {
/*
* Fucking ridiculous thing happened here, to use any Internet connections, either via HttpURLConnection
* or HttpClient, you must declare INTERNET permission in AndroidManifest.xml. Otherwise you will get
* "UnknownHostException" when connecting or other tcp/ip/http exceptions rather than "SecurityException"
* which tells you need to declare INTERNET permission.
*/
try {
URL u;
HttpURLConnection conn = null;
InputStream in = null;
OutputStream out = null;
final String filename = "local_temp_image";
try {
u = new URL(url[0]);
conn = (HttpURLConnection) u.openConnection();
conn.setDoInput(true);
conn.setDoOutput(false);
conn.setConnectTimeout(20 * 1000);
in = conn.getInputStream();
out = openFileOutput(filename, Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
byte[] buf = new byte[8196];
int seg = 0;
final long total = conn.getContentLength();
long current = 0;
/*
* Without checking isCancelled(), the loop continues until reading whole image done, i.e. the progress
* continues go up to 100. But onPostExecute() will not be called.
* By checking isCancelled(), we can stop immediately, i.e. progress stops immediately when cancel() is called.
*/
while (!isCancelled() && (seg = in.read(buf)) != -1) {
out.write(buf, 0, seg);
current += seg;
int progress = (int) ((float) current / (float) total * 100f);
publishProgress(progress);
SystemClock.sleep(1000);
}
} finally {
if (conn != null) {
conn.disconnect();
}
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
return BitmapFactory.decodeFile(getFileStreamPath(filename).getAbsolutePath());
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}

@Override
protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... progress) {
mProgressBar.setProgress(progress[0]);
}

@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap image) {
if (image != null) {
mImageView.setImageBitmap(image);
}
mProgressBar.setProgress(100);
mProgressBar.setVisibility(View.GONE);
mAbort.setEnabled(false);
}
}
}

運行結果

先後順序分別是下載前，下載中和下載後
總結
關於怎麼使用看文檔和這個例子就夠了，下面說下，使用時的注意事項：
1. AsyncTask對象不可重複使用，也就是說一個AsyncTask對象只能execute()一次，否則會有異常拋出"java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot execute task: the task is already running"

2. 在doInBackground()中要檢查isCancelled()的傳回值，如果你的非同步任務是可以取消的話。
cancel()僅僅是給AsyncTask對象設定了一個標識位，當調用了cancel()後，發生的事情只有:AsyncTask對象的標識位變了，和doInBackground()執行完成後，onPostExecute()不會被回調了，而doInBackground()和onProgressUpdate()還是會繼續執行直到doInBackground()結束。所以要在doInBackground()中不斷的檢查isCancellled()的傳回值，當其返回true時就停止執行，特別是有迴圈的時候。如上面的例子，如果把讀取資料的isCancelled()檢查去掉，圖片還是會下載，進度也一直會走，只是最後圖片不會放到UI上(因為onPostExecute()沒被回調)!

這裡的原因其實很好理解，想想Java SE的Thread吧，是沒有方法將其直接Cacncel掉的，那些線程取消也無非就是給線程設定標識位，然後在run()方法中不斷的檢查標識而已。

3. 如果要在應用程式中使用網路，一定不要忘記在AndroidManifest中聲明INTERNET許可權，否則會報出很詭異的異常資訊，比如上面的例子，如果把INTERNET許可權拿掉會拋出"UnknownHostException"。剛開始很疑惑，因為模擬器是可以正常上網的，後來Google了下才發現原來是沒許可權，但是疑問還是沒有消除，既然沒有聲明網路許可權，為什麼不直接提示無網路許可權呢?

對比Java SE的Thread
Thread是非常原始的類，它只有一個run()方法，一旦開始，無法停止，它僅適合於一個非常獨立的非同步任務，也即不需要與主線程互動，對於其他情況，比如需要取消或與主線程互動，都需添加額外的代碼來實現，並且還要注意同步的問題。
而AsyncTask是封裝好了的，可以直接拿來用，如果你僅執行獨立的非同步任務，可以僅實現doInBackground()。
所以，當有一個非常獨立的任務時，可以考慮使用Thread，其他時候，儘可能的用AsyncTask。