Best of VIM Tips

  一直以來，很想把VIM用熟，也許是對Open Source感興趣，也許是懷念DOS時代TC的環境(我的VIM的Theme用的是TC)，也許是驚異於VIM功能的強大，也許，是我也討厭寫代碼時總是要去碰滑鼠了，:-).
  轉一篇關於VIM技巧的文章，希望可以學而時習之，呵呵。

Here's a necessarily cryptic list of "MY" Best Vim Tips that I've gleaned
from http://vim.sf.net/  ;& comp.editors  
http://groups.google.com/groups?safe=off&group=comp.editors

updated version at http://www.rayninfo.co.uk/vimtips.html
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Absolutely essential
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vim.sf.net         : Visit frequently
comp.editors    : "VIM" dominated newsgroup
* # g* g#          : find word under cursor (forwards/backwards)
%                   : match brackets {}[]()
matchit.vim      : % now matches tags <tr><td><script> etc
<C-N> <C-P>   : word completion in insert mode
<C-X><C-L>    : Line complete SUPER USEFUL
/<C-R><C-W>   : Pull <cword> onto search/command line
:set ignorecase # you nearly always want this
:syntax on    : colour syntax in Perl,HTML,PHP etc
:h slash<C-D> : type control-D and get a list all help topics containing
                   slash (plus use TAB for Help completion)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MAKE IT EASY TO UPDATE/RELOAD_vimrc
:nmap ,s :source $VIM/_vimrc
:nmap ,v :e $VIM/_vimrc
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#VISUAL MODE Mappings
:vmap sb "zdi<b><C-R>z</b><ESC> : wrap <b></b> around VISUALLY selected Text
:vmap st "zdi<?= <C-R>z ?><ESC>  : wrap <?=   ?> around VISUALLY selected Text
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Exploring
:Ex                             : file explorer note capital Ex
/be                             : builtin buffer explorer
:ls                             : list of buffers(eg following)
:cd ..                          : move to parent directory
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Great
guu                             : lowercase line
gUU                             : uppercase line
gf                              : open file name under cursor (SUPER)
ga                              : display hex,ascii value of character under cursor
ggVGg?                          : rot13 whole file
CTRL-A,CTRL-X                   : increment,decerement number under cursor
                                  win32 users must remap CNTRL-A
CTRL-R=5*5                      : insert 25 into text
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Makes all other tips superfluous
:h 42                          
:h holy-grail                  
:help!                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Markers & moving about
'.               : jump to last modification line (SUPER)
`.               : jump to exact spot in last modification line
<C-O>            : retrace your movements in file (old)
<C-I>            : retrace your movements in file (new)
:ju(mps)
:help jump-motions
:history          : list of all your commands
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Abbreviations & maps
:map   <f7>   :'a,'bw! c:/aaa/x
:map   <f8>   :r c:/aaa/x
:map   <f9>   :w<CR>:!c:/php/php.exe %<CR>
:map   <f11>  :.w! c:/aaa/xr<CR>
:map   <f12>  :r c:/aaa/xr<CR>
:ab php           : list of abbreviations beginning php
:map ,            : list of maps beginning ,
# For use in Maps
<CR>             : carriage Return for maps
<ESC>            : Escape
<LEADER>         : normally /
<BAR>            : | pipe
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# List your Registers
:reg             : display contents of all registers
"1p....          : retrieve numeric buffers
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Useful trick
"ayy@a            : execute "Vim command" in a text file
yy@"              : same thing using unnamed register
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Get output from other commands
:r!ls.exe        : reads in output of ls
!!date           : same thing
:%!sort -u       : use an external program to filter content
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Multiple Files Management
:wn              : write file and move to next (SUPER)
:bd              : remove file from buffer list (SUPER)
:sav php.html    : Save current file as php.html and "move" to php.html
:sp fred.txt     : open fred.txt into a split
:e!              : return to unmodified file
:w c:/aaa/%      : save file elsewhere
:e #                 : edit alternative file
:e %
:rew                : rewwind to first file in ARGS
:bn                 : next file
:bp                 : next file
:brew
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Recording (BEST TIP of ALL)
qq  # record to q
your commands
q
@q to execute
@@ to Repeat
# editing a register/recording
"ap
<you can now see register contents, edit as required>
"add
@a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# _vimrc essentials
:set incsearch : jumps to search word as you type (annoying but excellent)
:set wildignore=*.o,*.obj,*.bak,*.exe
:set shiftwidth=3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# launching Win IE
:nmap ,f :update<CR>:silent !start c:/progra~1/intern~1/iexplore.exe file://%:p<CR>
:nmap ,i :update<CR>: !start c:/progra~1/intern~1/iexplore.exe <cWORD><CR>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FTPing from VIM
cmap ,r  :Nread ftp://209.51.134.122/public_html/index.html
cmap ,w  :Nwrite ftp://209.51.134.122/public_html/index.html
gvim ftp://209.51.134.122/public_html/index.html
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# appending to registers (use CAPITAL)
# yank 5 lines into "a" then add a further 5
"a5yy
10j
"A5yy
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[I     : show lines matching word under cursor <cword>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#Conventional Shifting
:'a,'b>>
# visual shifting (builtin-repeat)
:vnoremap < <gv
:vnoremap > >gv
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# searching
/^joe.*fred.*bill/ : normal
/^[A-J]/+/         : search for lines beginning A-J followed by at leat 1 A-J
/forum/(/_./)*pent   search over possible multiple lines
/fred/_s*joe/i    : any whitespace including newline
/fred/|joe        : Search for FRED OR JOE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#substitution
:%s/fred/joe/igc            : general substitute command
:%s//r//g                   : Delete DOS returns ^M
:'a,'bg/fred/s/dick/joe/gc  : VERY USEFUL
:s//(.*/):/(.*/)//2 :  /1/  : reverse fields separated by :
:%s/^./{-}pdf/new.pdf/  non greedy matching (ie to first pdf)
:s/fred/<c-r>a/g substitute "fred" with contents of register "a"
:%s/^/(.*/)/n/1//1$/  delete duplicate lines
# non-greedy matching /{-}
:%s/^./{-}pdf/new.pdf/
:help //{-}
:s/fred/<c-r>a/g substitute "fred" with contents of register "a"
# multiple commands
:%s//f/+/.gif/>//r&/r/g | v//.gif$/d | %s/gif/jpg/
:%s/suck/|buck/loopy/gc  : ORing
:s/__date__//=strftime("%c")/ : insert datestring
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# global command
:g/^/s*$/d       :delete all blank lines
:g!/^dd/d        : delete lines not containing string
:v/^dd/d         : delete lines not containing string
:g/fred/,/joe/d  : not line based
:v/./.,/./-1join : compress empty lines
:'a,'b g/^Error/ . w >> errors.txt
:g/cmap/|form/p  : ORing
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Paste register *
:redir @*   : redirect commands to paste
:redir END
"*yy        : yank to paste
"*p         : insert paste buffer
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Formatting text
gq<CR>
gqap  (a is motion p paragraph (visual mode))
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Operate command over multiple files
:argdo %s/foo/bar/
:bufdo %s/foo/bar/
:windo %s/foo/bar/
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Command line tricks
gvim -h
ls | gvim -   : edit a PIPE!!
# vg.ksh (shell script)
# vi all files in directory containing keyword $1 and jump to $1
gvim.exe -c "/$1"  $(grep -isl "$1" *) &
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Vim traps
In regular expressions you must backslash + (match 1 or more)
/fred/+/      : matches fred/freddy but not free
----------------------------------------
# /v or very magic (usually) reduces backslashing
/codes/(/n/|/s/)*where  : normal regexp
//vcodes(/n|/s)*where   : very magic
----------------------------------------
# pulling objects onto command/search line (SUPER)
CTRL-R CTRL-W Pull word under the cursor into a command line or search
CTRL-R -                : pull small register
CTRL-R [0-9a-z]         : pull named registers
CTRL-R %                : pull file name (also #)
----------------------------------------
# manipulating registers
map   <f11> "qyy:let @q=@q."zzz"
----------------------------------------
# help
:h visual<C-D><tab>     : obtain  list of all visual help topics
                        : Then use tab to step thru them
----------------------------------------
# where was an option set
:verbose set history    : reveals value of history and where set
----------------------------------------
# running file thru an external program (eg php)
map   <f9>   :w<CR>:!c:/php/php.exe %<CR>
----------------------------------------

# Inserting Carriage Returns
:%s/nubian/<C-V><C-M>&/g          :  that's what you type
:%s/nubian/<C-Q><C-M>&/g          :  for Win32
:%s/nubian/^M&/g                  :  what you'll see where ^M is ONE character
----------------------------------------
# Retrieving last command line command for copy & pasting into text
<c-r>:
# Retrieving last Search Command for copy & pasting into text
<c-r>/
----------------------------------------
# doing things over multiple lines /_ means including newline
/<!--/_p/{-}-->                   : search for multiple line comments
/fred/_s*joe/i                    : any whitespace including newline
/bugs/(/_./)*bunny                : bugs followed by bunny anywhere in file
:h /_                             : help
----------------------------------------
# more completions
<C-X><C-F>                           :insert name of a file in current directory
----------------------------------------
# help for help
:h visual<C-D><tab>     : obtain  list of all visual help topics
                        : Then use tab to step thru them
:h ctrl<C-D>            : list help of all control keys
:h :r                   : help for :ex command
:h CTRL-R               : normal mode
:h /r                   : what's /r in a regexp
:h i_CTRL-R             : help for say <C-R> in insert mode
:h c_CTRL-R             : help for say <C-R> in command mode
:h v_CTRL-V             : visual mode
----------------------------------------

This is an extension to
# pulling objects onto command/search line

If you use
/CTRL-R CTRL-A
it brings the whole word under the cursor including any special characters.
For Ex:

If you are in a HTML page and the cursor is under a keyword <table>

/CTRL-R CTRL-A brings /<table>
/CTRL-R CTRL-W brings /table (depending on what the letter under your cursor is ... table or < or >

If you want to delete multiple duplicate lines in a sorted file:
:%s/^/(.*/)/n/(/1/n/)*//1<NL>/
where <NL> is the character sequence that represents a return in your file type.  For Windows, the easiest way to get this is to highlight a return character in another program (open a new notepad, hit return once, select all, and copy) and then use Edit -> Paste in VIM to insert it.