電腦英語翻譯

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37英語學習網

 第一章

　　1．By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet.

　　應用多種編碼技術，一組位元字不但可以表示位元據，而且還可以表示其它的離散符號，如十進位數字或字母表中的字母。

　　2．System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.

　　系統軟體不僅包括技術人員用於建立應用軟體的複雜程式，而且還包括用於啟動電腦和提供給其他程式使用的管理程式。

　　3．Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.

　　資料是數字和其他的二進位代碼資訊，通過處理這些資料得到所需要的計算結果。

　　4．Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.

　　電腦能將若干字元連成串，用一些字元代替其他字元或另行處理字串，而不是用算術方法或邏輯方法處理字元。

　　5．Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.

　　軟體應用，像文文書處理、試算表、資料庫管理程式、繪圖程式及案頭印刷等進入商業市場，使更多的人去使用電腦。

　　第二章

　　1． By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.

　　通過維護內部和外部控制訊號的正確順序，控制單元促使CPU和電腦的其他組件根據正確的處理指示完成操作。

　　2． In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.

　　在使用了虛擬儲存空間的電腦中，很少使用的程式被從RAM移到硬碟中，僅當需要時才被移回來。

　　3． A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.

　　用於彌補操作速度的不匹配的一項技術是在CPU和記憶體之間採用非常快的小容量高速緩衝儲存空間，它的存取時間接近於處理器的邏輯刻度。

　　4． The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.

　　外部裝置的資料轉送速率通常比CPU的資料轉送率更慢，相應的，需要一種同步機制。

　　5． In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored.

　　在一些電腦中，中斷向量是一個地址，它指向儲存空間中儲存I/O 服務程式其真實位址的單元。

　　第三章

　　1．The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughout, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.

　　平行處理的目的是加快電腦的處理速度並增加其輸送量，所謂輸送量是在制定規定的時間間隔內所完成的指令。

　　2． It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time.

　　流水線的特徵就在於在同一時間裡可以在不同的子過程中處理幾個不同的運算。

　　3. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.

　　為了獲得所需要的高效能，有必要採用最快和最可靠的硬體並應用向量處理與平行處理等新技術的革新過程。

　　4. In general, the greater the number of instructions set, the larger the propagation delay is within the CPU.

　　總的來說，指令集中的指令數越多，CPU中的傳播延遲越大。

　　5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily increase development costs

　　儘管CISC處理器更為複雜，但這並不一定導致開發成本的增加。

　　第四章

　　1. Primitives In short, Communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithm’s representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail.

　　原語 簡而言之，演算法描述所採用的語言不具有精確的定義或者資訊不夠詳細也會使交流產生問題。

　　2. Another common algorithmic structure involves that the need to continue executing a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remains true.

　　另一種常見的演算法結構是當條件為“真”時，迴圈執行一條語句或者語句序列。

　　3. In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size.

　　在眾多演算法中，影響已耗用時間的不僅有不同長度的輸入，也包括相同長度的不同輸入。

　　4. Thus, dynamic programming is bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems ,saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger subproblems until the solution to the original problems obtained.

　　因此，動態程式設計是一種從下而上的方法，這種方法通常先解決最小的子問題，並儲存其解，再利用這些解對較大問題求解，一步一步地進行直至得到原問題的解。

　　5. The conversion from this conceptual one-dimensional array organization to the actual arrangement within the machine’s memory is straightforward, and the data can be stored in a sequence of 24 memory cells with consecutive addresses in the same order envisioned by the programmer.

　　從這種概念性的一維的 方式到機器記憶體中的實際安排的轉換是非常直接的。這些資料可以儲存在由程式員想象的相同順序的24個相鄰的記憶體單元中。

　　第五章

　　1. Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the program-users, operators, and programmers.

　　與程式設計相關的每一個人-使用者、操作員和程式員都需要文檔。

　　2. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to machine language, which is then executed by the computer.

　　而是，用進階語言或者組合語言編寫的程式被轉換成機器語言，然後由電腦執行。

　　3. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedures, or series of instructions, and the programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem.

　　相應的程式建立了精確的過程，或者執行序列，並且程式員必須按照正確的執行序列來解決問題。

　　4.4GLs may not entirely replace third-generation languages because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options.

　　4Gls可能並不能完全替換掉第三代語言是因為她們通常集中解決專門的任務並因此可供的選擇很少.

　　5. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and functions contained in previously defined class, without having to restate those definitions.

　　繼承是一種方法，通過它，類的對象可以訪問以前精確定義過的類中的成員變數和函數，而不用重新聲明那些定義.

　　第六章

　　1. The majority of an installation’s utility software consists of programs for performing activities that are fundamental to computer installations yet not included in the operating system.

　　安裝實用軟體大都包括用於執行動作的程式，這些動作對於電腦的安裝非常重要但是沒有包括在作業系統之中

　　2. Modern shells perform this task by means of a graphical user interface (GUI) in which objects to be manipulated, such as files and programs, are represented pictorially on the monitor screen as icons.

　　現代的外殼程式是通過圖形化使用者介面（GUI）來完成這一工作的，在圖形介面中要操作的諸如檔案和程式等對象是在電腦螢幕上以圖形化的表徵圖方式表示的。

　　3. The basic technique for a time-sharing system is to have multiple users simultaneously using the system through terminals, with the operating system interleaving the execution of each user program in a short burst ,or quantum, of computation. 分時系統的基本技術是要有多個使用者通過終端同時使用這一系統，作業系統在一個短暫的時間片內定時交替執行每一個使用者程式

　　4. A real-time process or task is one that is executed in connection with some process or function or set of events external to the computer system and that must meet one or more deadlines to interact effectively and correctly with the external environment.

　　即時的進程或任務是指那種運行時要與一些處理或函數或者電腦系統以外的一系列事件相聯絡，並且它必須滿足一個或多個時間界限來與外部環境有效地和正確地互動的進程或任務

　　5. Providing a similar interface to Windows 9x, it is a multitasking , multiprocessing operating system with built-in support for large networks of computers—that is, Windows NT is a multi-user system.

　　它提供了與Windows 9x類似的使用者介面，是一個多任務、多進程的作業系統，它在系統內提供了對大型電腦網路的支援-這就是說，Windows NT是一個多使用者系統。

　　第七章

　　1. Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business task.

　　應用軟體是設計用來協助你們解決專用於商業或執行專門商業任務的軟體。

　　2．Although applications software packages differ in their use of specific commands and functions, most of them have some features in common.

　　雖然應用軟體包在特定命令和功能的使用上不同，絕大多數應用軟體有一些共同的特徵。

　　3．Many applications software programs allow you to copy an item from one document and then paste it into another document or application, or copy an item and place the copy in another part of the same document.

　　許多應用軟體程式允許你從一個檔案中複製一項然後粘貼到另一個檔案或應用程式中，或者複製一項然後把它放置在同一文檔的另一個位置。

　　4. The user can do all these manipulations on screen, in“ wysiwyg” fashion, before printing out hardcopy.

　　使用者在列印之前可以在螢幕上以所見即所得 (WYSIWYG)的方式完成這些操作。

　　5. It’s worth nothing that word processing programs(and indeed most forms of applications software) come from the manufacturer with default settings.

　　值得一提的是來自於生產商的文文書處理程式（實際上絕大多數的應用程式）具有預設設定。

　　第八章

　　1. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming languages.

　　由於檔案和程式是由不同的程式員建立的，因此不同的檔案可能採用不同的格式，不同的程式也可能是採用不同的電腦語言來編寫。

　　2. In what follows, we shall see the concepts and algorithms that have been developed for database systems to solve the problems mentioned.

　　接下來看一看資料庫系統為瞭解決上述問題而提出的概念和演算法。

　　3. Despite the use of simpler structures at the logical level, some complexity remains, because of the large size of the database.

　　儘管在邏輯層使用了比較簡單的結構，但由於資料庫的規模巨大，所以仍存在一定程度的複雜性。

　　4. Returning to the customer-record type definition, note that, in declaring the type customer, we have not declared any variables.

　　在回過頭來看一下customer記錄類型的定義，注意，我們只是定義了customer類型而沒有定義任何變數。

　　5. Ensuring the atomicity and durability properties is the responsibility of the database system itself-specifically,of the transaction-management component.

　　確保原子性和持久性的屬性是資料庫本身的任務，更確切一些， 是交易管理組件的任務。

　　第九章

　　1. Just as manufactures look for ways to assure the quality of the products they produced, so too must software engineers find methods to assure that their products are of acceptable quality and utility.

　　正如生產商尋求方法以保證他們所生產的產品的品質一樣，軟體工程師也必須設法保證他們的產品在品質上和效用上是可接受的。

　　2. An abstraction is a description of the problem at some level of generalization that allows us to concentrate on the key aspects of the problem without getting mired in the details。

　　抽象是問題在某些概括層次上的描述，它使得我們將注意力集中於問題的關鍵方面而不至於陷於細節的泥潭之中。

　　3. The importance of these approaches is their capture of our design experience, enabling us to capitalize on our past projects by reusing both what we have done and what we have learned by doing it.

　　這些方法的重要性在於它們集中了我們的設計經驗，使我們能夠通過複用已有的成果和通過完成那個項目所學到的知識充分地利用過去開發的項目。

　　4. Upon completion of acceptance testing, the accepted system is installed in the environment in which it will be used; a final installation test is run to make sure that the system still functions as it should.

　　驗收測試完成之後，驗收過的系統就要被安裝在實際的運行環境中，通過安裝測試來確保系統仍然按照期望的那樣正常運行。

　　5. Software development is both a creative and a step-by-step process, often involving many people producing many different kinds of products.

　　軟體開發既是一個創造性的過程又是一個按部就班的過程，經常涉及到多個不同的人生產不同類型的產品。

　　第十章

　　1．Encapsulation is then the technique for packaging the information in such a way as to hide what should be hidden, and make visible what is intended to be visible.

　　封裝是一種將應該隱藏的資訊隱藏起來，將應該可見的資訊是可見的方式的封裝技術。

　　2．This across-the process consistency is a key difference between more traditional procedural development and the OO development process.

　　這種貫穿於開發過程的一致性是傳統的過程式開發與OO開發過程的根本區別。

　　3．Domain knowledge enables the developers to understand the context in which the system will be used and to describe the requirements in a way that the user will understand them.

　　領域知識使開發人員以系統所使用的方式理解系統的使用環境，並且以使用者將要理解方式描述需求。

　　4. The system design is considered to be a high-level abstraction of what will eventually be the program design.

　　系統設計被認為是最終成為程式設計的進階抽象。

　　5. It is usually necessary for the implementers to refine the hierarchical structures and make adjustments as the requirements grow and mature.

　　實施者通常有必要對階層加以精鍊，並且隨著需求的變化和成雪進行適當的調整。

　　第十一章

　　1. Organizations with hundreds of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely expect to be able to examine the current status of even their most remote outpost at the push of a button.

　　擁有數百個辦公室的組織向更廣的地區擴充，並且期望只需按一下某一個按鈕，就能夠瞭解位於遙遠地區的機構當前運作的情況。

　　2. The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization’s computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job.

　　單台電腦為機構中所有的電腦需求服務這一概念很快被大量分散但又互聯的電腦來共同完成的模式所代替。

　　3 .Technological advances are making it possible for communications links to carry more and faster signals. As a result, services are evolving to allow use of the expanded capacity, including extensions to established telephone service.

　　技術的進步 建立可以傳輸更多更快訊號的通訊鏈路成為可能，從而提供了對這些擴充的通訊能力的使用的新業務也出現了。

　　4. There is no generally accepted taxonomy into which all computer networks fit, but two dimensions stand out as important: transmission technology and scale.

　　不存在被普遍接受的所有電腦網路都是用的分類法，但是有兩個標準很重要：傳輸技術和規模。

　　5. ISO’s purpose is to promote the development of standardization and related activities to facilitate international exchange of goods and services.

　　ISO的目標是推動標準化及其相關活動的發展，以促進國際間的貿易和服務往來。

　　第十三章 1. The ARPAnet was designed so that even if part of its physical structure were destroyed, information could still be sent to any remaining destination. 設計ARPAnet的目的是，即使網路中的某一具體部分遭到破壞，資訊仍能傳遞到任一個殘存的目標點。

　　2. To map a name onto an IP address, an application program calls a library procedure called the resolver, passing it the name as a parameter.

　　為了把一個名字映射為一個IP地址，應用程式調用一種名叫解析器的庫程式，將名字作為參數進行傳遞。

　　3. Within the Internet, e-mail is delivered by having the source machine establish a TCP connection to port 25 of the destination machine.

　　在網際網路中，通過在源機器和目的機器的第25號連接埠之間建立TCP串連來傳遞電子郵件

　　4. An intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication between people or workgroups to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization’s employees.

　　企業內部網把網路技術當作一個工具利用人們或者工作群組間的通訊來提高企業僱員的資料共用能力和總體知識庫。

　　5. An organization’s intranet typically includes Internet access but is firewalled so that its computers cannot be reached directly from the outside.

　　一個組織機構的企業內部網典型地包括Internet接入但還有防火牆以從使外部不能直接存取到其電腦。