Hibernate —— HQL、QBC檢索方式,hqlqbc
一、HQL 檢索方式
以雙向的一對多來測試 HQL 檢索方式。以 Department 和 Employee 為例。
建表語句:
CREATE TABLE department( dept_id INT(11) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, dept_name VARCHAR(50));CREATE INDEX FK_8hf3vewo7w3v9doungcc51wwy ON department (dept_id);
CREATE TABLE employee( emp_id INT(11) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, emp_name VARCHAR(50), salary FLOAT, dept_id_fk INT(11), CONSTRAINT FK_miun1wlqp4ujpsgfshyfi7g9j FOREIGN KEY (dept_id_fk) REFERENCES department (dept_id));CREATE INDEX FK_miun1wlqp4ujpsgfshyfi7g9j ON employee (dept_id_fk);
對應的實體和 hbm 檔案
public class Department { private Integer deptId; private String deptName; private Set<Employee> emps = new HashSet<>();}
public class Employee { private Integer empId; private String empName; private Float salary; private Department dept;}<hibernate-mapping> <class name="com.solverpeng.hql.Department" table="department" schema="hibernate"> <id name="deptId" column="dept_id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="deptName" column="dept_name"/> <set name="emps" inverse="true"> <key> <column name="dept_id_fk"/> </key> <one-to-many not-found="ignore" class="com.solverpeng.hql.Employee"/> </set> </class></hibernate-mapping>Department.hbm.xml<hibernate-mapping> <class name="com.solverpeng.hql.Employee" table="employee" schema="hibernate"> <id name="empId" column="emp_id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="empName" column="emp_name"/> <property name="salary" column="salary"/> <many-to-one name="dept" class="com.solverpeng.hql.Department"> <column name="dept_id_fk"/> </many-to-one> </class> <query name="findAllEmployees"> <![CDATA[ from Employee ]]> </query></hibernate-mapping>Employee.hbm.xml
1.在查詢語句中設定各種查詢條件
@Testpublic void testHql(){ Department dept = new Department(); dept.setDeptId(7); List<Employee> list = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e where e.empName like ? and e.empId > ? and dept = ? order by e.empId " + "desc ") .setString(0, "%b%").setInteger(1, 3).setEntity(2, dept).list(); for(Employee employee : list) { System.out.println(employee); }}
說明:
(1)通過 Session 的 createQuery(hql) 方法建立一個 Query 對象,hql 支援動態綁定參數。調用 Query 的相關方法執行查詢。
(2)Query 介面支援鏈式操作,它的 setXxx() 方法返回自身執行個體。
(3)方法 setEntity(obj),obj 只需要綁定一個 id 就可以。
(4)支援 order by 排序。
(5)參數的位置從 0 開始。
@Testpublic void testHqlNamed() { List<Employee> list = session.createQuery("from Employee e where e.empName like :name and e.empId > :id and e.dept = ?") .setString("name", "%a%").setInteger("id", 1).list(); for(Employee employee : list) { System.out.println(employee); }}
說明:
(1)支援按照參數名字查詢,定義的參數名以 ":" 開頭。
2.查詢對象的部分屬性(查詢結果僅包含實體的部分屬性)
@Testpublic void testPropertyQuery() { Department dept = new Department(); dept.setDeptId(7); List<Object[]> list = session.createQuery("select empName, empId from Employee where dept = ?").setEntity(0, dept).list(); for(Object[] objects : list) { System.out.println(Arrays.asList(objects)); }}
說明:
(1)這種情況下查詢出來的是一個 Object[] 數群組類型。
@Testpublic void testPropertyQuery2() { Department dept = new Department(); dept.setDeptId(7); List<Employee> list = session.createQuery("select new Employee (empId, empName) from Employee where dept = ?").setEntity(0, dept) .list(); for(Employee employee : list) { System.out.println(employee); }}
(1)查詢出來的是 Employee 類型
(2)需要在 Employee 實體類中定義相應的構造器,注意順序。同時添加一個無參的構造器。
(3)可以通過 Distinct 關鍵字來去重。
3.分頁查詢
@Testpublic void testHqlPage() { int pageNo = 2; int pageSize = 3; List<Employee> list = session.createQuery("from Employee").setFirstResult((pageNo - 1) * pageSize).setMaxResults(pageSize).list(); for(Employee employee : list) { System.out.println(employee); }}
(1)setFirstResult(int firstResult):設定從哪一個對象開始檢索。
(2)setMaxResults(int maxResult) : 設定每次檢索多少條記錄。
4.命名查詢(很少用到)
@Testpublic void testNamedQuery() { int pageNo = 3; int pageSize = 5; List<Employee> employees = session.getNamedQuery("findAllEmployees").setFirstResult((pageNo - 1) * pageSize).setMaxResults( pageSize).list(); for(Employee employee : employees) { System.out.println(employee); }}
說明:
(1)其中 findAllEmployees 定義在了 Employee.hbm.xml 檔案中,用 <query>元素來定義,和 class 節點並列。
(2)通過 Session 的 getNamedQuery() 方法擷取對應的 Query 對象。
5.聚集合函式和分組查詢
@Testpublic void testFunction() { List<Object[]> salary = session.createQuery("select dept.deptName, min(salary), max(salary) from Employee group by dept HAVING min(salary) > :salary") .setFloat("salary", 4000).list(); for(Object[] objects : salary) { System.out.println(Arrays.asList(objects)); }}
說明:
(1)通過 GROUP BY 進行分組,通過 HAVING 對分組資料設定約束條件。
(2)可以調用的聚集合函式:count() 、min()、max()、sum()、avg()
6.迫切左外連結和左外連結
(1)迫切左外連結
@Testpublic void testHqlFetch() { List list = session.createQuery("from Department d left join fetch d.emps").list();}
列印 SQL:
Hibernate:
select
department0_.dept_id as dept1_0_0_,
emps1_.emp_id as emp1_1_1_,
department0_.dept_name as dept2_0_0_,
emps1_.emp_name as emp2_1_1_,
emps1_.salary as salary3_1_1_,
emps1_.dept_id_fk as dept4_1_1_,
emps1_.dept_id_fk as dept4_0_0__,
emps1_.emp_id as emp1_1_0__
from
hibernate.department department0_
left outer join
hibernate.employee emps1_
on department0_.dept_id=emps1_.dept_id_fk
說明:
- 同時查詢了 Employee 對象
- list() 方法返回的集合存放的實體物件的引用,每個 Department 關聯的 Employee 集合都被初始化。
- 可以通過 distinct 關鍵字去重,也可以通過一個 HashSet() 去重(new ArrayList<>(new LinkedHashSet(depts)))。
- 此種情況下,會忽略設定檔中檢索策略。
(2)左外連結
@Testpublic void testHqlLeftJoin2() { List<Object[]> list = session.createQuery("from Department d left join d.emps").list(); for(Object[] objects : list) { System.out.println(Arrays.asList(objects)); }}
Hibernate: select department0_.dept_id as dept1_0_0_, emps1_.emp_id as emp1_1_1_, department0_.dept_name as dept2_0_0_, emps1_.emp_name as emp2_1_1_, emps1_.salary as salary3_1_1_, emps1_.dept_id_fk as dept4_1_1_ from hibernate.department department0_ left outer join hibernate.employee emps1_ on department0_.dept_id=emps1_.dept_id_fk
說明:
- list() 方法返回的集合中存放的是對象數群組類型。
- 根據設定檔來決定 Employee 集合的初始化時機。
7.迫切內串連和內串連
(1)迫切內串連(inner join fetch),與迫切左外連結類似,查詢的時候同時將關聯的另一端的對象進行了初始化。
(2)內串連(inner join),與左外連結類似,查詢的時候是根據設定檔中的檢索策略來決定另一端初始化的時機。
8.小結
(1)如果在 HQL 中沒有顯式的指定檢索策略,則使用設定檔中的檢索策略。
(2)HQL 會忽略設定檔中設定的迫切左外連結檢索策略,若想 HQL 採用迫切左外連結策略,就必須在 HQL 語句中顯式的指定它。
二、QBC 檢索方式
1.設定各種查詢條件
(1)like、gt、排序
@Testpublic void testQBC() { Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); criteria.add(Restrictions.like("empName", "a", MatchMode.ANYWHERE)); criteria.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 1000F)); // 排序 criteria.addOrder(Order.desc("salary")); List list = criteria.list(); System.out.println(list);}
Hibernate: select this_.emp_id as emp1_1_0_, this_.emp_name as emp2_1_0_, this_.salary as salary3_1_0_, this_.dept_id_fk as dept4_1_0_ from hibernate.employee this_ where this_.emp_name like ? and this_.salary>? order by this_.salary desc
(2)and、or
public void testQbc2() { Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); Conjunction conjunction = Restrictions.conjunction(); conjunction.add(Restrictions.like("empName", "a", MatchMode.ANYWHERE)); Department department = new Department(); department.setDeptId(6); conjunction.add(Restrictions.eq("dept", department)); Disjunction disjunction = Restrictions.disjunction(); disjunction.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 1000F)); disjunction.add(Restrictions.lt("salary", 20000F)); criteria.add(conjunction).add(disjunction); criteria.list();}
Hibernate: select this_.emp_id as emp1_1_0_, this_.emp_name as emp2_1_0_, this_.salary as salary3_1_0_, this_.dept_id_fk as dept4_1_0_ from hibernate.employee this_ where ( this_.emp_name like ? and this_.dept_id_fk=? ) and ( this_.salary>? or this_.salary<? )
2.分頁查詢
@Testpublic void testQbc4() { Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // 分頁 int pageNo = 2; int pageSize = 4; List<Employee> list = criteria.setFirstResult((pageNo - 1) * pageSize).setMaxResults(pageSize).list();}
Hibernate: select this_.emp_id as emp1_1_0_, this_.emp_name as emp2_1_0_, this_.salary as salary3_1_0_, this_.dept_id_fk as dept4_1_0_ from hibernate.employee this_ limit ?, ?
3.聚集合函式查詢
@Testpublic void testQbc3() { Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); criteria.setProjection(Projections.max("salary")); String maxSalary = criteria.uniqueResult().toString(); System.out.println(maxSalary);}
Hibernate: select max(this_.salary) as y0_ from hibernate.employee this
4.小結
(1)建立 QBC 查詢:session.createCriteria()
(2)like 關鍵字:Restrictions.like(),MatchMode.ANYWHERE
(3)排序:criteria.addOrder(),Order.desc、Order.asc
(4)AND:Conjunction conjunction = Restrictions.conjunction()
(5)Or : Disjunction disjunction = Restrictions.disjunction()
(6)聚集合函式:criteria.setProjection(Projections.max("salary"))
(7)查詢單個對象:criteria.uniqueResult()
(8)查詢對象列表:criteria.list()
三、本地 SQL
@Testpublic void testNativeSql() { Employee employee = new Employee(); employee.setEmpId(5); String empName = (String) session.createSQLQuery("SELECT emp_name FROM employee where emp_id = ?") .setEntity(0, employee).uniqueResult(); System.out.println(empName);}
Hibernate: SELECT emp_name FROM employee where emp_id = ?bb2
通過 session.createSQLQuery() 方法來建立本地 SQL 查詢對象。
四、HQL 的更新操作
@Testpublic void testHqlUpdate() { session.createQuery("delete from Employee where empId = ?").setInteger(0, 13).executeUpdate();}
Hibernate: delete from hibernate.employee where emp_id=?
五、總結
介紹了 HQL、QBC、本地SQL查詢。查詢對象都是通過 Session 來建立的。依次為:session.createQuery()、session.createCriteria()、session.createSQLQuery()。
其中 QBC 提供了比 HQL 更為徹底的,更加面向 Java 編程風格的一種方式。在學習 HQL 的時候,需要重點關注迫切左外連結。本地化查詢作為對 HQL 的一種補充。
學習的時候,注意對比學習。
更多內容請參看:documentation/manual/en-US/html_single/index.html