Linux Shell參數擴充（Parameter Expansion）

標籤：linux   bash   linux shell   parameter expansion   

本文主要參考：http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_02

其他資料：http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-bash-parameters.html

參數擴充的表示形式為：${expression}。expression包括各種字元直到匹配上‘}‘。當出現以下情況時候‘}‘不會被檢查來匹配：

1）在逸出字元\之後，如\{；

2）在引號裡面，如‘}’；

3） 在算術運算式，命令替換或者變數擴充裡面的，如${value}

最簡單的參數擴充形式如：${parameter}

使用如下模式可以修改參數擴充：

${ parameter:- [ word ]}

Use Default Values. If  parameter is unset or null, the expansion of  word (or an empty string if  word is omitted) shall be substituted; otherwise, the value of  parameter shall be substituted.

當${parameter}值為空白或者沒有設定的時候，用[word]值來替換，否則它就是該運算式的值。

[[email protected] ~]$ bb=3[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${aa}[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${bb}3[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${aa-${bb}}3[[email protected] ~]$ aa=2[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${aa-${bb}}2

${ parameter:= [ word ]}

Assign Default Values. If  parameter is unset or null, the expansion of  word (or an empty string if  word is omitted) shall be assigned to  parameter. In all cases, the final value of  parameter shall be substituted. Only variables, not positional parameters or special parameters, can be assigned in this way.

當${parameter}值為空白或者沒有設定的時候，用[word]值來給${parameter}賦值並替換最後的運算式，否則它就是該運算式的值。

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${aa-${bb}}2[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${aa:=${bb}}2[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc}[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc:=${bb}}3[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc}3

${ parameter:? [ word ]}

Indicate Error if Null or Unset. If  parameter is unset or null, the expansion of  word (or a message indicating it is unset if  word is omitted) shall be written to standard error and the shell exits with a non-zero exit status. Otherwise, the value of  parameter shall be substituted. An interactive shell need not exit.

當${parameter}值為空白或者沒有設定的時候，用[word]值作為標準錯誤輸出提示並退出shell且返回非0狀態。否則它就是該運算式的值。

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc:?"Value not set"}3[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${dd:?"Value not set"}-bash: dd: Value not set

${ parameter:+ [ word ]}

Use Alternative Value. If  parameter is unset or null, null shall be substituted; otherwise, the expansion of  word (or an empty string if  word is omitted) shall be substituted.

當${parameter}值為空白或者沒有設定的時候，運算式返回null。否則用[word]替換運算式的值。

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc:+"Value not set"}Value not set[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${dd:+"Value not set"}

${#parameter}

String Length. The length in characters of the value of  parameter shall be substituted. If  parameter is ‘*‘ or ‘@‘, the result of the expansion is unspecified. If  parameter is unset and  set  -u is in effect, the expansion shall fail.

運算式返回${parameter}值中字元的個數。

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${#cc}1[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${#dd}0

The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring processing. In each case, pattern matching notation (see Pattern Matching Notation), rather than regular expression notation, shall be used to evaluate the patterns. If parameter is ‘#‘, ‘*‘, or ‘@‘, the result of the expansion is unspecified. If parameter is unset and set -u is in effect, the expansion shall fail. Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes shall not cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted, whereas quoting characters within the braces shall have this effect. In each variety, if word is omitted, the empty pattern shall be used.

${parameter%[word]}

Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. The  word shall be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion shall then result in  parameter, with the smallest portion of the suffix matched by the  pattern deleted. If present, word shall not begin with an unquoted ‘%‘.

用[word]產生的模式來匹配${parameter}的尾碼並去除掉最小匹配部分

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc}Value not set[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc%"et"}Value not s

${ parameter%% [ word ]}

Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. The  word shall be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion shall then result in  parameter, with the largest portion of the suffix matched by the  pattern deleted.

用[word]產生的模式來匹配${parameter}的尾碼並去除掉最大匹配部分

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc%%t*}Value no[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc%t*}Value not se

${ parameter# [ word ]}

Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. The  word shall be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion shall then result in  parameter, with the smallest portion of the prefix matched by the  pattern deleted. If present,  word shall not begin with an unquoted ‘#‘.

${ parameter## [ word ]}

Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. The  word shall be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion shall then result in  parameter, with the largest portion of the prefix matched by the  pattern deleted.

最後兩個分別是去除掉首碼的[word]最小匹配和最大匹配

[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc#*t}set[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc##*t}[[email protected] ~]$ echo ${cc#V}alue not set

Linux Shell參數擴充（Parameter Expansion）