LNMP 多使用者動態進程管理虛擬機器主機方案

A.
特點
1. 高效、記憶體使用量少。
2. 許可權分離，使用者間互不干擾。
3. 動態進程管理，資源分派均衡。

B.
應用程式說明
Nginx：事件驅動的 Web 服務器，採用模組化設計，小巧、高效。
PHP-FPM：支援快速進程管理的 PHP FastCGI 介面版本，用它實現動態進程管理，提高資源使用效率。

C.
整個架構的簡單說明
Nginx 處理所有的 Web 請求，它將 PHP 的請求 Match 出，發送給上遊伺服器處理，這裡的上遊伺服器就是 PHP-CGI。
PHP-CGI 工作在 FastCGI 模式，它偵聽著一個地址連接埠（或 Unix socket檔案，建議組合許可權使用 Unix Socket 更安全），Nginx 會串連並發送請求及回收結果並發送給客戶瀏覽器。
Nginx 運行於 www-data 使用者環境，這要求 www-data 使用者有所有虛擬機器主機使用者的主目錄存取權限。每個虛擬機器主機擁有自己的 PHP-CGI 進程組，這個進程組由 PHP-FPM 動態管理，會根據負載增加和減少背景工作處理序，對資源均衡分配。
Nginx 使用了 HTTP
OwnerMatch 模組，使得它能夠控制每個虛擬機器主機的每個 Location 有哪些使用者的檔案的存取權限。關於這個模組

D.
以 Ubuntu 10.04 系統為例的配置執行個體
1. 安裝應用程式

sudo apt-get install nginx mysql-server php5-fpm php5-mysql

PS：建議下載補丁版本的 Nginx => https://heiher.info/1755.html
PS：Ubuntu 10.04 amd64 的 php5-fpm 下載 => http://heiher.info/sftp/php5/

2. 配置 Nginx
指定 Nginx 的進行使用者，和背景工作處理序數，其它根據實際需要作出調整。

sudo vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

user www-data;       # 指定使用 www-data 執行 Nginxworker_processes 2;  # 指定 2 個子背景工作處理序

3. 配置虛擬機器主機使用者
a. 建立使用者目錄

sudo mkdir -p /var/web/USERNAME/{config,cert,run}

b. 建立使用者與組
本方案使用 sftp 作為使用者的檔案管理工具，虛擬機器主機使用者沒有終端。sftp 方案見我的另一日誌。

sudo useradd -m -g sftp -s /bin/false USERNAMEsudo mkdir -p /home/USERNAME/web/{www,logs}sudo ln -s /home/USERNAME /var/web/USERNAME/home

c. 虛擬機器主機設定檔範本
/var/web/USERNAME/config/vhost 為虛擬機器主機設定檔，將軟連結到 /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ 目錄中。以下是模板，修改其中的 USERNAME 和 server_name 值。

# vhost# Heiher <admin@heiher.info> # HTTP Serverserver { listen   80; ## listen for ipv4 server_name  localhost; access_log  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/logs/access.log;error_log  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/logs/error.log; location / {root   /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/www;index  index.html index.htm index.php;## Rewriteif (!-e $request_filename){rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?q=$1 last;}omallow USERNAME sftp; # 允許訪問隸屬於 USERNAME:sftp 的檔案omdeny all;# 禁止訪問其它所有檔案} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on socket file#location ~ \.php$ {if (!-e $request_filename) {return 404;}fastcgi_pass   unix:/var/web/USERNAME/run/pfw.sock;fastcgi_index  index.php;fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/www/$fastcgi_script_name;include fastcgi_params;} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root# concurs with nginx's one#location ~ /\.ht {deny  all;}} # HTTPS Serverserver { listen   443; ## listen for ipv4 server_name  localhost; ssl  on;ssl_certificate  /var/web/USERNAME/cert/cert.pem;ssl_certificate_key  /var/web/USERNAME/cert/cert.key; ssl_session_timeout  5m; ssl_protocols  SSLv3 TLSv1;ssl_ciphers  ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;ssl_prefer_server_ciphers   on; access_log  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/logs/access.log;error_log  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/logs/error.log; location / {root   /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/www;index  index.html index.htm index.php;## Rewriteif (!-e $request_filename){rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?q=$1 last;}omallow USERNAME sftp;omdeny all;} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on socket file#location ~ \.php$ {if (!-e $request_filename) {return 404;}fastcgi_pass   unix:/var/web/USERNAME/run/pfw.sock;fastcgi_index  index.php;fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/www/$fastcgi_script_name;fastcgi_param  HTTPS on;include fastcgi_params;} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root# concurs with nginx's one#location ~ /\.ht {deny  all;}}

d. PHP-FPM 池設定檔範本
/var/web/USERNAME/config/php5-fpm.conf 為 PHP-FPM 池設定檔，將軟連結到 /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/ 目錄中。以下是模板，修改其中的 USERNAME 即可，可根據需要調整動態進程管理參數。

; Start a new pool name[USERNAME] ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.; Valid syntaxes are:;   'ip.add.re.ss:port'    - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on;                            a specific port;;   'port'                 - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a;                            specific port;;   '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.; Note: This value is mandatory.listen = /var/web/USERNAME/run/pfw.sock ; Set listen(2) backlog. A value of '-1' means unlimited.; Default Value: -1;listen.backlog = -1 ; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect.; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be; accepted from any ip address.; Default Value: any;listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1 ; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions. ; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user;                 mode is set to 0666listen.owner = USERNAMElisten.group = www-datalisten.mode = 0660 ; Unix user/group of processes; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group;       will be used.user = USERNAMEgroup = sftp ; Choose how the process manager will control the number of child processes.; Possible Values:;   static  - a fixed number (pm.max_children) of child processes;;   dynamic - the number of child processes are set dynamically based on the;             following directives:;             pm.max_children      - the maximum number of children that can;                                    be alive at the same time.;             pm.start_servers     - the number of children created on startup.;             pm.min_spare_servers - the minimum number of children in 'idle';                                    state (waiting to process). If the number;                                    of 'idle' processes is less than this;                                    number then some children will be created.;             pm.max_spare_servers - the maximum number of children in 'idle';                                    state (waiting to process). If the number;                                    of 'idle' processes is greater than this;                                    number then some children will be killed.; Note: This value is mandatory.pm = dynamic ; The number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'static' and the; maximum number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'dynamic'.; This value sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be; served. Equivalent to the ApacheMaxClients directive with mpm_prefork.; Equivalent to the PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment variable in the original PHP; CGI.; Note: Used when pm is set to either 'static' or 'dynamic'; Note: This value is mandatory.pm.max_children = 10 ; The number of child processes created on startup.; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'; Default Value: min_spare_servers + (max_spare_servers - min_spare_servers) / 2pm.start_servers = 3 ; The desired minimum number of idle server processes.; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic'pm.min_spare_servers = 2 ; The desired maximum number of idle server processes.; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic'pm.max_spare_servers = 8 ; The number of requests each child process should execute before respawning.; This can be useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For; endless request processing specify '0'. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS.; Default Value: 0pm.max_requests = 8192 ; The URI to view the FPM status page. If this value is not set, no URI will be; recognized as a status page. By default, the status page shows the following; information:;   accepted conn    - the number of request accepted by the pool;;   pool             - the name of the pool;;   process manager  - static or dynamic;;   idle processes   - the number of idle processes;;   active processes - the number of active processes;;   total processes  - the number of idle + active processes.; The values of 'idle processes', 'active processes' and 'total processes' are; updated each second. The value of 'accepted conn' is updated in real time.; Example output:;   accepted conn:   12073;   pool:             www;   process manager:  static;   idle processes:   35;   active processes: 65;   total processes:  100; By default the status page output is formatted as text/plain. Passing either; 'html' or 'json' as a query string will return the corresponding output; syntax. Example:;   http://www.foo.bar/status;   http://www.foo.bar/status?json;   http://www.foo.bar/status?html; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be;       anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it;       may conflict with a real PHP file.; Default Value: not set ;pm.status_path = /status ; The ping URI to call the monitoring page of FPM. If this value is not set, no; URI will be recognized as a ping page. This could be used to test from outside; that FPM is alive and responding, or to; - create a graph of FPM availability (rrd or such);; - remove a server from a group if it is not responding (load balancing);; - trigger alerts for the operating team (24/7).; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be;       anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it;       may conflict with a real PHP file.; Default Value: not set;ping.path = /ping ; This directive may be used to customize the response of a ping request. The; response is formatted as text/plain with a 200 response code.; Default Value: pong;ping.response = pong ; The timeout for serving a single request after which the worker process will; be killed. This option should be used when the 'max_execution_time' ini option; does not stop script execution for some reason. A value of '0' means 'off'.; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays); Default Value: 0;request_terminate_timeout = 0 ; The timeout for serving a single request after which a PHP backtrace will be; dumped to the 'slowlog' file. A value of '0s' means 'off'.; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays); Default Value: 0;request_slowlog_timeout = 0 ; The log file for slow requests; Default Value: /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow;slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow ; Set open file descriptor rlimit.; Default Value: system defined value;rlimit_files = 1024 ; Set max core size rlimit.; Possible Values: 'unlimited' or an integer greater or equal to 0; Default Value: system defined value;rlimit_core = 0 ; Chroot to this directory at the start. This value must be defined as an; absolute path. When this value is not set, chroot is not used.; Note: chrooting is a great security feature and should be used whenever ;       possible. However, all PHP paths will be relative to the chroot;       (error_log, sessions.save_path, ...).; Default Value: not set;chroot =  ; Chdir to this directory at the start. This value must be an absolute path.; Default Value: current directory or / when chrootchdir = /var/web/USERNAME/home/web/www ; Redirect worker stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, stdout and; stderr will be redirected to /dev/null according to FastCGI specs.; Default Value: no;catch_workers_output = yes ; Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH. All $VARIABLEs are taken from; the current environment.; Default Value: clean env;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin;env[TMP] = /tmp;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp;env[TEMP] = /tmp ; Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers. These settings; overwrite the values previously defined in the php.ini. The directives are the; same as the PHP SAPI:;   php_value/php_flag             - you can set classic ini defines which can;                                    be overwritten from PHP call 'ini_set'. ;   php_admin_value/php_admin_flag - these directives won't be overwritten by;                                     PHP call 'ini_set'; For php_*flag, valid values are on, off, 1, 0, true, false, yes or no. ; Defining 'extension' will load the corresponding shared extension from; extension_dir. Defining 'disable_functions' or 'disable_classes' will not; overwrite previously defined php.ini values, but will append the new value; instead. ; Default Value: nothing is defined by default except the values in php.ini and;                specified at startup with the -d argument;php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f www@my.domain.com;php_flag[display_errors] = off;php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/fpm-php.www.log;php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on;php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M

e. 設定目錄許可權
這個步驟很關鍵，必須認真仔細設定，如無特殊需要，不要修改。如果我錯了，感謝指正。

sudo chown -R root:root /var/web/USERNAME/configsudo chmod 0755 /var/web/USERNAME/configsudo chmod 0640 /var/web/USERNAME/cofnig/vhostsudo chmod 0640 /var/web/USERNAME/config/php5-fpm.conf sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/web/USERNAME/certsudo chmod 0750 /var/web/USERNAME/certsudo chmod 0640 /var/web/USERNAME/cert/cert.pemsudo chmod 0640 /var/web/USERNAME/cert/cert.key sudo chown USERNAME:www-data /var/web/USERNAME/runsudo chmod 0750 /var/web/USERNAME/run sudo chown root:root /home/USERNAMEsudo chown -R USERNAME:www-data /home/USERNAME/websudo chmod 0755 /home/USERNAMEsudo chmod 0750 /home/USERNAME/web # 註：/home/USERNAME/web/www 目錄中的檔案和目錄全部要求是 USERNAME:sftp 隸屬，檔案許可權 0644 目錄許可權 0755。

f. 啟用此使用者的虛擬機器主機和 PHP

sudo ln -s /var/web/USERNAME/config/vhost /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/USERNAMEsudo ln -s /var/web/USERNAME/config/php5-fpm.conf /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/USERNAME.confsudo nginx -t # 重啟前測試指令碼有沒有錯誤sudo service nginx reloadsudo service php5-fpm restart

PS：所有的虛擬使用者都隸屬於 sftp 使用者組，本方案建議使用 SFTP 作為使用者的檔案傳輸視窗。在 sshd_config 中對 sftp 組使用者做必要的限制，如禁止轉寄和 Chroot 等等。

Over!