標籤:php 魔術方法
類中的魔術方法
PHP 魔術方法指的是在某些時刻會自動被調用的內建函數,它們以兩個連續的底線開頭。
類中的魔術方法__construct()
類的建構函式,用於初始化對象,在對象執行個體化時自動運行
__destruct()
解構函式,用於在 php 運行終止時,釋放對象所佔用的記憶體。解構函式是 php 的記憶體回收機制,使用棧結構,後進先出。
建構函式和解構函式的例子
class computer{ private $brand; function __construct($brand){ $this->brand = $brand; } function __destruct(){ echo "release ".$this->brand."<br>"; }}$myComputer = new computer("MAC");$yourComputer = new computer("Asus");$hisComputer = new computer("Dell");echo "end of php file<br>";
輸出結果如下所示
end of php filerelease Dellrelease Asusrelease MAC
可以發現解構函式在 php 檔案執行結束之後才執行
__get($name)
類中用 protected 和 private 關鍵字定義的成員屬性或方法是無法通過對象的執行個體訪問的。__get() 方法會且僅會在對象的執行個體訪問 proctected 和 private 成員屬性 時自動執行 (訪問成員方法時不會,因為沒有意義)。
__get() 方法的意義在於將 proctected 和 private 成員屬性進行處理後輸出。
__get() 有且僅有一個輸入參數
__get() 方法的一個例子
class computer{ private $brand; protected $owner; public $price; function __construct($brand, $owner, $price){ $this->brand = $brand; $this->owner = $owner; $this->price = $price; } function __get($name){ echo "It‘s up to me to decide if let you konw the owner and the brand of this computer or not :)<br>"; echo "I will tell you the name of woner: ".$this->owner."<br>"; echo "I won‘t tell you that the brand is ".md5($this->brand)."<br>"; echo "<br>"; } function __destruct(){ echo "release ".$this->brand."<br>"; }}$myComputer = new computer("MAC", "me", "1000");$yourComputer = new computer("Asus", "you", "500");$hisComputer = new computer("Dell", "his", "700");echo $myComputer->price; echo "<br><br>";echo $myComputer->owner;echo $yourComputer->brand;echo "end of php file<br>";
輸出如下
1000It‘s up to me to decide if let you konw the owner and the brand of this computer or not :)I will tell you the name of woner: meI won‘t tell you that the brand is 2e25c285356cbb0ed8785a1377027d79It‘s up to me to decide if let you konw the owner and the brand of this computer or not :)I will tell you the name of woner: youI won‘t tell you that the brand is cb6ab3315634a1e4d11b091ba48b60baend of php filerelease Dellrelease Asusrelease MAC
可以看到,當訪問 public 成員屬性 price 時,__get()方法並沒有被調用。輸出 brand 時,我們使用了 md5 對其進行了加密處理,這種對封裝的成員屬性進行處理後輸出的用法就是 get 方法的意義所在。
__set($name, $value)
__set($name, $value) 與用於給當前類中封裝的方法或屬性進行重新賦值或定義。
與 get 類似但不同的時,__set($name, $value)會在成員屬性被訪問賦值時自動執行,其中 $name 是被訪問的成員屬性名,$value 為成員屬性被賦予的值
__set() 的例子
class computer{ private $brand; protected $owner; function __construct($brand, $owner, $price){ $this->brand = $brand; $this->owner = $owner; $this->price = $price; } function __get($name){ echo "It‘s up to me to decide if let you konw the owner and the brand of this computer or not :)<br>"; echo "I will tell you the name of woner: ".$this->owner."<br>"; echo "I won‘t tell you that the brand is ".md5($this->brand)."<br>"; echo "<br>"; } function __set($name, $value){ $this->owner = $value; echo "set $name to $value"."<br><br>"; } function __destruct(){ echo "release ".$this->brand."<br>"; }}$myComputer = new computer("MAC", "me", "1000");echo $myComputer->owner = "my friend";echo $myComputer->owner;echo "end of php file<br>";
輸出結果
set owner to my friendmy friendIt‘s up to me to decide if let you konw the owner and the brand of this computer or not :)I will tell you the name of woner: my friendI won‘t tell you that the brand is 2e25c285356cbb0ed8785a1377027d79end of php filerelease MAC
我們看到在給 owner 賦值時調用了 set , 而訪問屬性時,調用了 get 。
__tostring()
用於直接列印物件控點,也就是說當我們使用 echo 加對象名時,__torsring()將會被自動調用
__tosring() 例子
class computer{ function __tostring(){ return "This is a computer class"; }}$myComputer = new computer();echo $myComputer;
如果沒有 __totring() 方法,我們是無法使用 echo+對象名,會出現 fatal error
__call($method, $arguments)
當我們調用不存在的方法時,__call() 會自動執行,用於進行異常處理,並使程式繼續正常運行。
__call() 例子
class computer{ function start(){ echo "starting computer<br>"; } function __call($m, $a){ echo "erro function: ".$m; echo "<br>"; echo "error param: "; print_r($a); echo "<br>"; }}$myComputer = new computer();$myComputer->start();$myComputer->shutdown(‘10 min‘, ‘20 min‘);echo "here";
輸出結果為
starting computererro function: shutdownerror param: Array ( [0] => 10 min [1] => 20 min ) here
我們可以看到,$method 返回了錯誤的函數名,而 arguments 返回了參數,最後輸出了 "here" 說明程式繼續正常運行。
__clone() 方法 和 clone 關鍵字
clone 關鍵字用於複製對象,__clone() 方法實在複製對象時自動調用的函數
clone 例子
class computer{ public $name; function __clone(){ echo "A computer has been cloned<br>"; }}$myComputer = new computer();$youComputer = $myComputer;$youComputer->name = ‘pc1‘;echo "My computer‘s name is ".$myComputer->name."<br>";echo "<br>";$hisComputer = clone $myComputer;$hisComputer->name = ‘pc2‘;echo "My computer‘s name is ".$myComputer->name."<br>";echo "His computer‘s name is ".$hisComputer->name."<br>";
輸出結果
My computer‘s name is pc1A computer has been clonedMy computer‘s name is pc1His computer‘s name is pc2
我們看到用 = 號並不能複製對象,只是為對象添加了一個別名而已,這裡 $myComputer 和 $youComputer 指向同一塊記憶體,修改了 $youComputer 的值相當於修改了 $myComputer 的值。
__autolaod()
在執行個體化對象時,__autolaod() 會自動被調用,用於快速取得對應的類檔案
__autoload() 例子
<?phpfunction __autoload($class_name) { include $class_name . ‘.php‘;}$obj = new MyClass1();$obj2 = new MyClass2(); ?>
摘自PHP手冊
帶 try, catch 異常處理的例子
function __autoload($class_name){ echo "want to load ".$class_name."<br>"; if(file_exists($class_name.".class.php")){ include($class_name.".class.php"); }else{ throw new Exception("Unable to laod ".$class_name.".class.php"); }}try{ $obj = new myClass();}catch(Exception $e){ echo $e->getMessage()."<br>";}
本文出自 “打個籃球就那麼難” 部落格,請務必保留此出處http://gipanda.blog.51cto.com/3808693/1423752