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文章目錄

• Attitude Toward the Undergraduate

none of them dared to express it, but every
one of them felt, in his heart, that if a way could be found of
nurturing the timid dream of his own potential greatness which he
brought from his family and school, if somehow he could tie on to the
greatness in the faculty and the administration, then his dream might be
coming out differently.

沒有人敢於表達，但每個人都覺得，在他的心中，如果找到那麼一個方法，能夠使那些他從家裡或學校帶來的個人偉大之處能夠從膽怯的夢想總培養起來，而且無論怎樣，他都能在全體教員和行政部門中堅持那份偉大，那麼他的夢想將能得到不同的實現。

Attitude Toward the Undergraduate

給大學肄業生的建議

My first proposal concerns the attitude of the university towards the
undergraduate.
我的第一個建議是關係到這對大學肄業生的大學教育的建議

We find that in other areas in modern life, the attitude toward
individuals is changing very, very rapidly. Thus, coming into a
university from industry, one is surprised to see that entering pupils
are treated as young and immature. To anybody on the outside it is
self-evident that these boys coming in are not boys. It is
self-evident that these men coming in are men. These are the ones who,
at seventeen, would have been fighting the bears in the caves of old:
who, at seventeen, would have been diverting the streams that came to
flood their nomadic valleys.
我們發現在現代生活裡的其他方面，這對個體的態度的轉變是非常之快的。因此，從工業領域來到大學，其中的一個驚奇就是看到了灌輸給小學生的都是些使其變得
年輕和幼稚的東西。對於大部分來自外面的人來說，不言而喻這些進來的男孩都不是男孩。很明顯這些進來的男人是男人。這些是誰在17歲時，將會像在老洞穴裡
跟熊搏鬥：誰，17歲，將快樂的像一條小溪從他們的柚木地區流過。

The fact that civilization is becoming more intricate must not mean
that we treat men for a longer period as immature. Does it not mean,
perhaps, the opposite: that we must skillfully make them mature
sooner, that we must find ways of handling the intricacy of our
culture?
事實上文化正變得更加複雜的但不代表我們在一個更長的時期裡對人們是不成熟的。那就是意味著，可能，這相對的：我們必須很有技巧的使他們成熟得更快，我們必須尋找方法去處理我們文化總的複雜性。

Now this error in attitude -- mistaking these men for boys --
permeates the whole scholastic domain, permeates it so thoroughly that
it is hard for anyone within the domain to recognize it.
現在這錯誤的態度——把這些男人錯認為是男孩——在這學校的教育領域當中充斥著，徹底地充斥著，很難在沒有領域下去認識這點。

What do I mean by saying that a man is treated as a boy? I mean
that he is told, the moment he arrives, that his secret dream of
greatness is a pipe-dream; that it will be a long time before he makes
a significant, personal contribution -- if ever.
我所說的一個男人被當成一個男孩來對待是什麼意思？我的意思是，當他到來是，他被告知，他的心中夢想的偉大指出是一個噩夢；那麼他將經過一個很長的時間去做一個有意義的，個人的捐獻——如果曾經那樣。

He is told this not with words. He is told this in a much more
convincing way. He is shown, in everything that happens to him, that
nobody could dream that he could make a significant, personal
contribution.
他被告知這不代表任何東西。他被告知這在一個很多令人信服的方式中得到了驗證。他被指示，在每件發生在他身上的事物，沒人能夠想到他能夠做出有意義的個人的貢獻。

He is given courses, he is instantly given tests, and he is given
examinations. Now I ask you, if this is preparation for life, tell me
where, where in the world, where in the relationship with our
colleagues, where in the industrial domain, where ever again, anywhere
in life, is a person given this curious sequence of prepared talks and
prepared questions, questions to which the answers are known? Where
again is he ever marked in this way? Where again is a structure of
authoritarianism masked by the genuine friendliness of the democratic
people who are his leaders? Where ever again is a person brought to
the day of judgment every single week?
他要接受課程，他更要立即參與考試與測試。現在我問你，如果這是為生命預演，告訴我在哪裡，在世界的哪裡，在同學間的關係的哪裡，在工業領域的哪裡，在曾
經在你生命中發生過的，有人問你這麼古怪的順序的講話和問題，這些問題答案已經知道的？重複的地方是他曾經在這些方式中被記錄了

One may be inclined to say: After all, it's just part of a
system. But consider this: The first thing a mark tells you is whether
what you said is true. When the professor says, "Hand back what I
said," the professor is telling the student that what he, the
professor, said is true. Now the role of science is to be systematic,
to be accurate, to be orderly, but it certainly is not to imply that
the aggregated, successful hypotheses of the past have the kind of
truth that goes into a number system.
有人可能會想這樣說：畢竟，這隻是體系的一部分。但考慮到這點：第一件事一個記號告訴你你所說的是否正確。當這教授說，“跟這我做，”，這教授正在告訴這
學生，他所說的是正確的。現在這科學定律變成一個系統的，精確的，有秩序的了，但這並不是意味著這總體的，過去成功的假定就是真理而進入一個計算系統。

If we wonder why so few pupils survive the university system in the
country today -- survive to come out asking the right
questions, feeling free to question the authority of science although
they have mastered the techniques -- I suspect it starts
here.
如果我們懷疑慰問麼這麼多學生不上大學在現在的家鄉——逃出來去問對問題，去感受那自由的去想科學的權威提出疑問，儘管他們已經精通這些技術——我覺得這已經在這裡開始了。

I say that our system of tests and grades, as it now exists, is one
source of the low yield of great men from our universities. The
marking system is a traumatic experience from which most students
emerge with a deep determination never to get into a situation where
they can be marked again. They just won't ever again take a
chance.
我說，我們的測試和平分體系，是一個我們大學的偉大之人的一個低級的產物。這記錄系統是一個從大部分學生顯示出他們懷著堅決的意志從來不會進入這個他們能夠記錄的情形的創傷經驗。他們只是不會再次獲得機會。

Another example of the attitude toward these incoming men is the
honor system. In this survey of scholastic enthusiasm that I mentioned
earlier, there is a good deal of discussion of the honor system, of
its use in other colleges, and of whether or not we ought to have it
at M.I.T. Is it too much to hope that an inspired undergraduate
body would need no policing system, even that of its own "honor"?
怎麼對待這些進來的男人的另一個例子是一個誠實系統。在我很早以前提出的學校的這些能激發人們熱情的測試，我們討論怎樣合理地運用它，把它用到其他學院，或者是否把它引進到M.I.T。是否存在太多的希望一個得到靈感的大學生會不需要約束系統，只要有他的“誠實”？

One feels, when among our young students, that they are honest and
honorable and full of ideals, that they come to the door of our
universities with the dream of being our colleagues; that if we could
provide them intimate leadership there would be no discipline to which
they would not subject themselves and no task so arduous in the
pursuit of knowledge and science that they would not devote themselves
fully to it. But if we imply, as I believe we do by our
present attitude, that we do not have this kind of faith in them, then
their own strength wanes and they cannot believe the best of
themselves. What then should our attitude be, and how might we express
it?
一些感受，當我們身邊的年輕學生，他們是誠實的，有榮譽感的和充滿了理想，那他們帶著這些成為了我們的學生；如果我們能夠鼓勵他們建立領導能力，那將不會
有紀律對他們進行約束，對知識與科學的追求中將不會有任務，他們將不會全身心投入進去。但如果我們暗示，就如我們相信我們現在所做的，我們將不會這麼相信
他們，那麼他們所擁有實力將降低，他們不會相信自己是最好的。那麼我們的做法應該是什嗎？我們將怎麼表達呢？