Computer and Operating System Overview

Preface:

Today () I learned the first day of Marco's video. The main content is as follows: Basic Principles of computer composition, basic operating system principles, and basic linux operations, haha, but the most important thing is to write a blog. I have been writing a blog. It is intermittent and I have never insisted on writing it. From today on, I have insisted on writing it. Come on, what I said to myself, haha ............

The main content of this article includes three parts mentioned above: 1. Basic components of the computer, 2. Basic principles of the operating system, 3. basic operations of linux. Attention: I am here to explain the basic content. It is impossible for a blog to fully explain the computer composition and operating system principles. That is impossible, here is just an overview. It helps you get into the door and lay a solid foundation for linux learning. I personally think you have time, I would like to take a good look at the computer composition principles and operating system principles, which will be helpful for future learning or development ......... ^_^! (I am learning ............, There are a lot of such books on the Internet. You can download them on your own, hey !)

Part 1: Basic Components of computer hardware

1. What is a computer?

There are many definitions and many versions. Let me define them here, hey

A computer is actually a useful information generated or stored after receiving users' input commands and data through the mathematical and logical operations of the CPU (central processor. As long as there is an input device and an output device, you can use the input data to generate output information on the machine, you can think of it as a computer!

2. five components of the computer

(1 ). from the definition above, we can see that a computer is composed of five parts: the memory, controller, memory, input device, and output device. The memory and controller are considered as CPUs, and the memory can be considered as memory, the input device can be a keyboard or a mouse, and the output device can be considered a display. You just need to think so first to help you understand it. (Not very accurate, but easy to understand, for example :)

It can be seen that the relationship between the components and the main memory focuses on the CPU and the main memory. The real line is the data transmission direction. Basically, the data is transferred out of the main memory through the stream! As for the data that will flow in/out of memory, it is the control command released by the CPU! The actual data to be processed by the CPU is entirely from the master memory!

(2) host part corresponding to the five major units

Controller and receiver -------> CPU

Memory --------> memory

Input Device --------> keyboard, mouse, scanning device, tablet, touch screen, etc.

Output device --------> display, printer, etc.

External Storage --------> optical drive, hard drive, USB flash drive, and soft drive (You may not have seen the soft drive,)

3. CPU type (hardware architecture)

Because CPU is the most important, I will talk about it here separately.

(1). the CPU actually contains some small instruction sets. All the software we use must be achieved through the microinstruction set inside the CPU. The design of these instruction sets is mainly divided into two types of design concepts, which are two common types of CPU in the world: Reduced Instruction Sets) and Complex Instruction Set (CISC) systems.

(2). Specific

Reduced Instruction Set (RISC): the micro-Instruction Set is relatively simplified, each instruction execution time is short, the completed action is also simple, and the execution efficiency of the instruction is better; (mainly used for mobile phones, navigation, network equipment, household appliances, etc)

ARM -------> ARM is currently the world's most widely used CPU, including brand phones, PDAs, navigation systems, network devices (switches, routers, etc)

Alpha --------> DEC

UltraSparc -------> SUN

Power -------> Appale

M68000, M68K -------> MOTO

Complex Instruction Set (CISC): Each small Instruction Set of CISC can execute some low-level hardware operations. The number of commands is large and complex, and the length of each instruction is different. The execution of commands is complicated, so it takes a long time to execute each command. However, each command can process a lot of work. (Mainly used for PCs and servers, complex computers)

X86 -------> Intel, AMD

X64 -------> AMD, Intel

CERT -------> HP ---> Intel

PowerPC ------> IBM

4. Other devices (peripheral devices)

(1 ). A computer cannot run only with a CPU. All our computers need other devices, except for the memory, input and output devices, and external memory. What other devices are there!

(2) Other devices have

Display devices, such as video cards, are commonly referred to as video cards. They are used to watch movies and play games. Of course they can also be used for learning.

Network devices, such as network cards, do not have networks or computers.

Sound equipment, such as sound card. If there is no sound, doesn't it also lose a lot of fun? haha, sound card is also essential

The most important thing is a device. What is that? You may think about the CPU, memory, hard disk, keyboard, mouse, video card, sound card, Nic, and other devices, how are they connected? You may have thought that the right thing is to use the motherboard to connect, right? Hey hey, there are so many, so how can these devices work together, let's talk about it here, hey!

5. Computer Operating Principles

After talking about the time and various components of the computer, let's talk about how they work. Hey, hey! We know that the most important part of a computer's work is the CPU. Various CPUs process different data in different ways, mainly because, as we mentioned above, there are different instruction sets, however, all components are controlled by the CPU, and any data is processed by the memory record, and then transmitted to the CPU to process the data, and then the control command is sent to the surrounding components, if the previous data is used, the CPU will go to the hard disk to retrieve it! To sum up, the most important thing in the computer is the CPU and memory, and the CPU data comes from the memory. If you need to use hard disk data, first pass the hard disk data into the memory, it is very important to input memory into the CPU. Remember, hey!

6. Computer Classification

(1). Super Computers, large computers, workstations, PCs, micro-computer machines (tablets, mobile phones, etc.). As for details, I will not write them. I want to know my friends about Baidu ............

(2). Currently, most of them are personal computers (PCs). The performance can be compared with that of workstation. The performance is as powerful as that of workstation, but the stability is not as good as that of workstation. There is still a cheap price, hey

7. Computer Data Representation

(1 ). the above section roughly describes how the hardware components of a computer work together with various components. Haha, let's talk about how computers recognize and process data! We know computers and some hardware devices. They only know electrical signals, or they only know 0, 1. The recorded data can only record 0 and 1, so commonly used data in computers is binary. However, our common numeric operations are decimal, and there are many languages in terms of text. Common Chinese languages include English and Chinese (both traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese. How does the computer record and display these values/texts?

(2 ). early computers used Level 2 tubes that utilize power or not. If power is 1, power is 0, and no power is 0, so far, we call this binary system with only 0/1 of the environment, the English name is binary. The so-called decimal place refers to a place where the number of digits is regarded as zero and the number of digits is regarded as one. So the so-called binary is the meaning of moving forward after the second. For us, decimal is more friendly, and binary is more friendly for computers. Therefore, the computer must perform hexadecimal conversion when processing data! (If the conversion fails, you can go to Baidu !)

(3) Since the computer only records 0/1 records, and even the recorded data is recorded by units such as byte/bit, how should the text be recorded? In fact, the text file is recorded as 0 and 1, and the content of this file must be processed by an encoding system before it can be retrieved. Such as our commonly used encoding, ASCII, GBK, GB2312, UTF-8 and Other encoding, through the above editing, can let the computer recognize, our text,!

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