Getting Started with Linux

Introduction to Linux operating system

Linux is an open source operating system (open source Operating system)

The composition of the 1.Linux operating system

• Linux kernel : Biased to the bottom, special software programs for CPU and memory allocation, process scheduling, device driver and other core operations
• Other peripheral programs (such as shell, GNOME, etc.): biased user, analysis of user instruction interpreter, Network Service program, graphical desktop program and other application software programs
  2.Linux (Kernel) origin and development
• Developed by Linus Torvalds (Linus Torvalds)
• 1991.10: Release of version 0.02 (first public edition)
• 1994.3:linux version 1.0 released
• Logo of the Linux kernel: Penguin Tux (legend has it that since Linus was bitten by a penguin as a child, he always hated it, so the penguin was the symbol), taken from the Finnish mascot
• Official website: http://www.kernel.org
  3.Linux kernel version

      XX.YY.ZZ（主版本号.次版本号.修订版本号）

• 3.0 before: yy odd for development version, even for stable version
• After 3.0: not determined by the version number, the official website will be published as the main branch (mainline), stable version (Stable), long-term stable version (longterm); [EOL] represents the last version of this branch
  Note : General production environment to establish the use of stable version of the kernel, the personal use of the development version of the kernel, the release of the general use of stable version
  4.GNU Project and GPL, LGPL agreement
• GNU (GNU is not UNIX) aims to develop a complete UNIX-like operating system
• 1984 initiated and created by Richard Stallman (Richard Stallman)
• Official website: http://www.gnu.org
  
• GPL Agreement (GNU general public License)
  Allows users to arbitrarily copy, pass, modify and republish
  Software that is re-released based on free software modification is still subject to the GPL
• LGPL (Lesser general public Liscense)
  LGPL is relatively lenient with respect to the GPL, allowing not to publish all source code 5. Open Source software (OpenSource software)
• Firefox Web browser
• OpenOffice Office Suite
• Apache Web server
  Note : Open source does not represent free 6. Advantages of the Linux operating system
• Stability
• Security
• Low Enterprise application Cost
• Open Source Code
• Portability is 7 strong. Linux Operating system applications
• Network server
• High-availability clusters, cloud networks
• Smart phones, tablet phones, embedded devices
• Large-scale operation, video rendering 8. Linux distribution composition

      Linux内核+GNU自由软件=完整的操作系统

• Red Hat series, published by Red Hat Company
• Debian series, released by the Debian community
• Ubuntu series, released by Ubuntu community
  Note : Linux and Linux distributions are not a class of Linux kernels that are commonly referred to by Linux, whereas Linux distributions refer to a complete system consisting of Linux kernel + software, such as CentOS, Ubuntu is a Linux distribution 9. Common Linux Distributions
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL): Red Hat Business Edition
• fedora:red HAT-funded Community edition, located on the personal desktop
• Community Enterprise Operating System (Centos): Rhel replica 10.Linux release download location

  Each release website

• Https://distrowatch.com//(rank of each distribution and)
• http://mirrors.aliyun.com//(Ali, synchronize data from each distribution website in real time)
• http://mirrors.163.com//(NetEase source, from the distribution website real-time synchronization data) 11. Linux Consulting and Learning recommendation website
• Https://distrowatch.com//(the distribution of news and rankings, etc., can also download a release version)
• https://linux.cn//(Linux China, Linux industry news and technology sharing)
• Wikis (generally available in all distributions, similar to Wikipedia, such as wiki.archlinux.org)
• http://linux.vbird.org//(the official website of Bird's cousin's private cuisine, featured, from Linux Foundation to advanced)
• https://www.server-world.info/en//(each distribution service is built)

Linux Disk Presentation method

• /dev Directory: Store device files, such as discs, hard drives, USB drives, etc.
• IDE hard disk is:/DEV/HD
• SATA, iSCSI HDD:/DEV/SD
• Use the letter A-Z to represent the number of disks, such as/DEV/SDA, the first SATA or iSCSI interface hard disk
• 1-4 Area code: Primary partition/extended partition; Logical partition always starts from 5
• Note: If the primary partition occupies 1-4 of all partitions, you cannot create an extended partition (logical partition); General 1-3 is the primary partition and 4 is the extended partition
  Cases:
  /DEV/SDC3: Third primary partition/extended partition for third SATA, iSCSI interface hard disk
  /DEV/HDB17: The 13th logical partition of the second IDE interface hard disk
  /DEV/HDL1: The first primary partition of the 12th IDE interface

Getting Started with Linux