Let's start with the basics of getting started with Windows!

1.1. Introduction to Windows

Windows is a multi-tasking operating system based on a graphical interface. The program developed for this environment has the same appearance and command structure. For users, this makes learning to use Windows applications easy. 　　To help develop Windows applications, Windows provides a number of built-in functions to make it easy to use pop-up menus, scroll bars, dialogs, icons, and other features that a friendly user interface should have. Windows runs applications that handle video displays, keyboards, mice, printers, serial ports, and system clocks in a hardware-agnostic manner. The most noteworthy Windows feature is its standardized graphical user interface. A unified interface uses images or icons to represent the commands and actions of disk drives, files, subdirectories, and other operating systems. A unified user interface also brings benefits to programmers. For example, you can easily use the built-in functions of common menus and dialog boxes. 　　All menus have the same style of keyboard and mouse interface, because Windows rather than programmers are implementing it. The multi-tasking environment of Windows promises that users run multiple applications or multiple instances of the same application at the same time. An application may be in an active state. An active application is an input that is being received by a user. Because only one program can be processed at a time, there can be only one application active at an instant. However, there can be any number of tasks that run in parallel.

1.2. Windows ' Brief History windows was originally released by Microsoft in November 1983, and the first public release, version 1.01, was launched in November 1985. In the next two years, version 1.01 has been modified several times to meet the needs of the international market and has added some drivers to the monitors and printers. Windows version 2.0, released in November 1987, made some improvements in the user interface. For example: the introduction of overlapping windows, but also enhance the keyboard and mouse interface, especially enhanced the menu and the function of the dialog box ... Slightly

1.3. Component of User interface

The 1.3.1 Window window is a rectangular area on the screen that is related to an application, which is the visual interface between the user and the application that produced the window. For an application, a window is a rectangular area on the screen under application control, and the application creates and controls all aspects of the window. When a user launches an application, a window is created. The program responds whenever the user is manipulating an object in the window.

1.3.2 borders the vast majority of windows have a border around it, not only as the boundary of the window, it is also used to indicate the state of the window, that is, whether the window is an active window. When we hold the mouse pointer over the border and press the mouse button and move the mouse, you can change the size of the window.

1.3.3 title bar The title bar is located at the top of the window, where the text information displayed is used for labeling programs, typically the name of the application, which makes it easy for users to know which application is running. The color of the title bar reflects whether a window is an active window.

The 1.3.4 control box is a small picture at the top left of each window and is used by each application. Clicking the mouse button on the control icon causes Windows to display the System menu. System Menu It provides standard operations such as restore, move, size, minimize, maximize, and close.

1.3.5 minimized icons Each Windows 98 and Windows NT application displays three icons in the upper-right corner of the window. The leftmost icon is a short underline, which is the minimized icon. It can be minimized with the use of programs.

The 1.3.6 maximized icon is the three icon in the middle of the one that looks like two small windows. Use the Maximize icon to fill the entire screen with your application. If you choose this icon, other application windows will be covered.

1.3.7 vertical scroll bar If necessary, the application can display a vertical scroll bar. The vertical flow bar appears to the right of the application window and has two opposite arrows at both ends. It also has a shaded bar and a transparent window block. The latter is used to show the relationship of the current display to the entire document. You can use the scroll bar to select which page to display. A single click on any one of the arrows will cause the display to move a row. Clicking the window block below the up arrow and dragging it will quickly update the screen output to anywhere in the application's screen output.

The 1.3.8 horizontal scroll bar can also display a horizontal scroll bar. The horizontal scroll bar appears at the bottom of the window, with features similar to the vertical scroll bar. You use it to select which columns to display. Generally clicking on one of the arrows causes the display to move a column. Clicking the window block to the right of the left arrow and dragging it will quickly update the screen output to anywhere in the application screen output.

1.3.9 a menu bar can be selected to display below the title bar. Select menus and submenus from the menu bar. This option can be achieved by clicking with a mouse or by using a hotkey combination. The hotkey combination is often a combination of alt and underlined letters in the command, such as "F" in the file command.

The 1.3.10 user area typically occupies the largest portion of the window. This is the basic output area of the application. Applications should be complex to govern the user area. In addition, the application can output to the user area.

1.4. Object-oriented thinking method for programmers, object-oriented means something very familiar: the world as a group of interrelated and mutual communication entities, each object has a name to identify, this is the way people generally see the world. For example, when you see a car, what you see is a car, not a lot of atoms. 　　People can break down cars into wheels, engines, doors, tanks, etc., which are specific entities. Communication between objects is called sending a message, which is an object that requests another object to perform some kind of operation. For example, the red light at the intersection "requests" the driver to stop, and the driver, after receiving the message, is stepping down the brake pedal, which sends a message to the car, which, after receiving the message, decomposes the message and sends it to the relevant object: the brake acts on the wheel and turns kinetic energy into potential energy. 　　To bring down the speed of the car; the tail light sends a message to the driver of the other vehicle behind it; various dashboards give the driver feedback on the action result of the message being sent. From a programmer's point of view, an object is a well-known storage unit in memory. What we usually call a variable is a data object, but the concept of the object is more generalized than the meaning of the variable, and usually defines the object as a memory area containing data and code, which characterizes the object, while the code responds to the message and causes the object to perform certain actions. As an example of a visual window object displayed on the screen, we can compare and analyze the relationship between the object in the user's mind and the object in the programmer's mind. The characteristics of a Window object, such as color, length, information displayed in the program, etc., are represented as data in the application, the actions of the user on the window pair, such as moving the window, changing the size of the window, etc., so that the user sends a message to the window, which causes the computer (in memory) object to execute the corresponding code The result of code execution changes the data in the object so that the corresponding position and size of the object can vary.

Let's start with the basics of getting started with Windows!