In an operating system, everything can be viewed as a file, and a file is the basic unit of the operating system's logical organization. ForUNIXAndLinuxFor file systems, the hierarchical standards of file systems (FHS) Is the main reference of its organization specifications. Anyone who knows a little about the file directory structure knows that the file system is usually composed of the root directory (/. ★InLinuxCommon first-level sub-directories include:
| Directory Name |
Description |
| /Bin |
Store some necessary command tools in a centralized manner. It is best not to mount them separately. Otherwise, you will not find the practical tools you need.Program. |
| /Boot |
IncludeLinux. By default100 m, This is the preparationRhceThe exam is sufficient. |
| /Dev |
Stores drivers of various devices in a centralized manner. Do not mount the partitions separately. |
| /Etc |
Store basic configuration files in a centralized manner |
| /Home |
Centralized storage of users' Home Directories |
| /Lib |
Compile the library file of the kernel and utility. Do not mount this partition separately. |
| /Media |
Mount point of removable media |
| /Misc |
UseAutomounterStandard mount point for local directory mounting |
| /Mnt |
Old mount point for mobile media |
| /Net |
UseAutomounterStandard mount point for the mounted network directory |
| /OPT |
Common locations for storing third-party Application Files |
| /Proc |
Stores the current kernel-related processes and Kernel configuration information in a centralized manner. |
| /Root |
RootUser's home directory |
| /Sbin |
Store system management commands in a centralized manner. Do not mount the partition separately. |
| /SELinux |
And security upgradeLinuxRelated current configuration |
| /SMB |
UseAutomounterMount Remote sharingMicrosoftStandard mount point of the network directory |
| /Srv |
It is often used in various non-RedHatVersion of network server |
| /Tftpboot |
WhenTFTPThe server exists. |
| /Tmp |
Centralized storage of temporary files. By default,RedHatThe directory is automatically cleared periodically. |
| /Usr |
Stores small programs available to all users in a centralized manner, including many system management commands and utilities |
| /Var |
Centralized storage of variable data, such as logs and printer Buffer files |
★Device Files Many media devicesLinuxThe system is managed in the form of files, such as hard drive, soft drive, and optical drive. In additionPCDevices accessed by slots or ports, such as serial ports,USB, Parallel port,IEEE 1, 1394There are also dedicated device files. The vast majority of peripheral devices can be automatically detected. A typical device file is as follows:
| Device |
Device Files |
| Soft drive |
First soft drive (A:):/Dev/fd0; 2. Soft drive (B:):/Dev/fd1 |
| PATA (IDE)Hard drivePATA (IDE)Optical Drive |
First drive:/Dev/hda; Drive 2:/Dev/HDB; Drive 3:/Dev/HDC; Drive 4:/Dev/HDD |
| SATAOrSCSIHard driveSATAOrSCSIOptical Drive |
First drive:/Dev/SDA; Drive 2:/Dev/SDB;......; 27th drive:/Dev/sdaa;...... |
| Parallel Port |
First:/Dev/pd1; First tape drive:/Dev/pt1 |
| USBDrive |
Depends on the specific connection device |
| IEEE 1, 1394Device |
ActuallySCSIStandard, referSCSIDevice File rules |
Note: In/DevMany files under are just references to standard device files, which are often used for easier identification. For example/Dev/CDROMAnd/Dev/DVD. ★File System Tools LinuxThe file system can be created, checked, or repaired using three tools:Fdisk,MkfsAndFsck. Of course,LinuxMore than three file system tools, suchPartedBut these three are undoubtedly the most commonly used ones, which will be briefly introduced below (for specific help information, referManPage ): 1) Fdisk:FdiskWe are no stranger, because inWindowsThis is a basic tool in the system. In fact, althoughLinuxInFdiskAndWindowsInFdiskSome are similar, but the function support is much larger. In useFdiskBefore that, you must first specify the hard disk to be processed. For exampleIDEHard Disk, you can enter:# Fdisk/dev/hda.FdiskCommon Commands include:
| Option |
Description |
| A |
Specify bootableLinuxPartition |
| D |
Delete a partition |
| L |
Display available partition types,FdiskYou can create file systems of the listed types |
| N |
Create a new partition (when free space is sufficient) |
| P |
Show existing partitions |
| Q |
Exit Without saving the changes |
| T |
Modify the System ID (type) of a partition) |
| W |
Save changes and exit |
2) Mkfs: Mainly used for formattingLinuxPartition. For example, if you want to format/Dev/hda1IsExt3File system, you can directly enter:# Mkfs-T ext3/dev/hda1. If the partition has been usedExt3The file system has been formatted. Now you need to format it again.MkfsThe file system type can be automatically recognizedExt3, Enter:# Mkfs/dev/hda1You can. 3) Fsck: This command is similarWindowsOnChkdskCommand, which is mainly used to check and repair the file system. Note: before running this command, you must first detach the checked partition, and then re-mount the partition after the repair is completed. For example: # Umount/var # Fsck-T ext3/dev/sda6 # Mount/dev/sda6/var If the partition has been usedExt2OrExt3The file system has been formatted. Now you need to check the partition.FsckAutomatic CallE2fsckCommand, you do not need to specify the partition type, enter:# Fsck/dev/sda6You can. ★LVM Logical Volume Manager (LVM) Is a tool that allows you to create a file system across partitions. Its introduction draws onUNIXThe advantages of the file system can be used and configured flexibly, thus greatly improvingLinuxSystem reliability and availability. UseLVMYou can easily resize disk partitions. A file system can even span multiple hard disks. The following describes how to createLVMPartitioning process: 1) Add a new hard disk 2) Create a new partition and specify one or more partitionsLVMFile System Type (available
FdiskTool) 3) Backup/HomeDirectory to specify its partitionLVMFile System Type 4) Use
VgscanTool ScanningLinuxOfLVMFile System to create backup information library 5) Use
Pvcreate/dev/
PartitionCommand to create a (physical) volume. 6) Add a volume to the specified volume group:
Vgcreate groupname/dev/Partition1/Dev/
Partition2... 7) Create logical volume:
Lvcreate-lXYM-n
Volname groupname, HereXYVolume size 8) Use
MkfsFormat the logical volume as the specified file system 9) Use
Pvdisplay,
VgdisplayAnd
LvdisplayCommand to check the created volume, volume group, and logical volume information respectively ★AboutMount MountIs a common command closely related to file system operations. It is mainly used to mount local or network partitions at a specified location. The mount point is not fixed and can be specified by the system administrator. Of course, the Administrator must have sufficient operation permissions on the Mount directory.FHSSpecifies some standard mount points, such as/Mnt/floppyAnd/Mnt/CDROMAnd so on. The Mount operation is as follows: # Mount-T vfat/dev/fd0/mnt/floppy # Mount-T iso9660/dev/CDROM/mnt/CDROM Some mount points can beAutomounterTo automatically determine.
