"Write the operating system family from scratch" Implementing a-GDT (1)

In this article we have completed the following:

• Introducing GDT
• Introduction to segment Descriptors
• Implementation of a segment descriptor

What is the introduction of GDTGDT?

The GDT (Global descriptor Table) is a data structure used to provide a segment storage mechanism, which is provided together with a segment register and a descriptor in the GDT.

In the protection mode, although the register now has 32 bits, but we still use "segment: Offset" in the form of addressing, but the concept of "paragraph" is equivalent to the GDT, the segment value is still 16-bit CS, DS and other registers are represented, but this period value is only equivalent to an index, point to a data structure, This data structure is a GDT table item, which defines the starting address, bounds, attributes, and so on of the segment, which is also called the Descriptor (descriptor)

Descriptor structure

• Code Snippets and data segment descriptors

  A segment descriptor is a 8-byte structure that contains information such as segment base, Segment bounds, segment properties, and so on

  • Segment Base (32-bit): Represents the Physical address
  • Segment Bounds (20 bits): Indicates the length of the segment (not the address, but the byte length)
  • Segment Properties (12 bits): System, gate, data, etc. properties

  Let's implement this structure:

; a descriptor;3A parameter:;1. Segment Base: +-bit4bytes);2. segment Boundary: Low --bit3Properties ABits (Low in high-byte4Bit is always0）%macroDescriptor3; Define macro descriptor, there are3A parameter DW%2& 0FFFFh, with parameters2The Low -Bit fills a word DW%1& 0FFFFh, with parameters1The Low -Bit fills a word db (%1>> -) & 0FFh, with parameters1Of -- -Bit fills a byte DW (%2>>8) & 0f00h) | (%3& 0f0ffh), with parameters2Of -- +Bits and parameters3Of1-8Bits and -- -Bit fills a word dw (%1>> -) & 0FFh, with parameters1Of -- +Bit fills a word%endmacro

From the code we can parse the valid bits of each parameter: (f is valid)

• Segment Base: 0xFFFFFFFF
• Segment Boundary: 0X000FFFFF

• Property: 0X0000F0FF

  We got the structure as shown:

Let's describe the role of each person:

• No. 0, 1 bytes: Indicates segment bounds
• 2nd, 3, 4 bytes: Represents the segment base

• 5th, 6 bytes more complex

  • 5th byte (from low to high):
    
    • 0-3:type, describing the specific properties of the bucket described by the bucket descriptor

  S	Segment Type	Type value	Description
  0	Data segment	0000	Read-only
  0	Data segment	0001	Read-only, visited
  0	Data segment	0010	Read/write
  0	Data segment	0011	Read/write, visited
  0	Data segment	0100	Read-only, down-scaling
  0	Data segment	0101	Read-only, down-scaling, visited
  0	Data segment	0110	Write, scale down
  0	Data segment	0111	Write, scale down, visited
  0	Code snippet	1000	Only perform
  0	Code snippet	1001	Execute only, visited
  0	Code snippet	1010	Execute/Read
  0	Code snippet	1011	Execute/Read, visited
  0	Code snippet	1100	Execute only, consistent code segment
  0	Code snippet	1101	Execute only, consistent code segment, visited
  0	Code snippet	1110	Execute/Read, consistent code segment
  0	Code snippet	1111	Execute/Read, consistent code segment, visited
  1	System segment	0000	(Not defined)
  1	System segment	0001	Available in 286TSS
  1	System segment	0010	LDT
  1	System segment	0011	Busy 286TSS
  1	System segment	0100	286 Call Gate
  1	System segment	0101	Mission Gate
  1	System segment	0110	286 Interrupt Gate
  1	System segment	0111	286 Trap Door
  1	System segment	1000	(Not defined)
  1	System segment	1001	Available in 386TSS
  1	System segment	1010	(Not defined)
  1	System segment	1011	Busy 386TSS
  1	System segment	1100	386 Call Gate
  1	System segment	1101	(Not defined)
  1	System segment	1110	386 Interrupt Gate
  1	System segment	1111	386 Trap Door

  • A 4:s that describes the type of descriptor. For bucket descriptors, S=1 is distinguished from the system segment descriptor and Gate descriptor (s=0).
  • 5-6:DPL, which represents the descriptor privilege level (descriptor Privilege levels), a total of 2 bits. It specifies the privileged level of the described segment, which is used for privilege checking to determine whether the segment can be accessed.
  • 7:p, Existence (Present) bit.
    
    • P=1 indicates that the descriptor is valid for address translation, or that the segment described by the descriptor exists, that is, in memory
      
    • P=0 indicates that the descriptor is not valid for address translation, that is, the segment does not exist. Using this descriptor for memory access causes an exception.
    • 6th byte
  • 0-3: paragraph bounds
  • 4:AVL, the software can take advantage of bits. 80386 No provision is made for the use of the bit, and Intel also warrants that any future processors that are developed and manufactured will not be defined or specified for the use of that bit as long as they are compatible with 80386.
  • 5:0 (not defined)
  • The 6:D/B,D bit is a very special bit that has different meanings in the three descriptors that describe the executable segment, the down-extended data segment, or the segment addressed by the SS register (usually the stack segment).
    
    1. In the descriptor describing the executable segment, the D-bit determines the address used by the instruction and the default size of the operand
       
       • D=1 indicates that the directive uses 32-bit addresses and 32-bit or 8-bit operands by default, which is also called a 32-bit code snippet;
         
       • D=0 means that by default, 16-bit addresses and 16-bit or 8-bit operands are used, which is also known as 16-bit code snippets, which are compatible with 80286. You can use the address size prefix and operand size prefixes to change the default address or operand size, respectively.
    2. In the descriptor for the down-extended data segment, the D-bit determines the upper boundary of the segment
       
       • D=1 indicates that the upper boundary of the segment is 4G
       • D=0 indicates that the upper boundary of the segment is 64K, which is to be compatible with 80286
    3. In describing the segment descriptor addressed by the SS Register, the D-bit determines what stack pointer registers are used by the implicit stack-access instruction (such as push and pop instructions)
       
       • D=1 represents the use of the 32-bit stack pointer register esp;
       • The d=0 represents the use of a 16-bit stack pointer register SP, which is compatible with 80286

  • 7:g, segment boundary granularity (granularity) bit

    • G=0 indicates the bounds granularity is byte
    • G=1 indicates a boundary granularity of 4K bytes

    Note that boundary granularity is only valid for segment bounds, invalid for subgrade address, and Subgrade address is always in bytes

Copyright NOTICE: This article for Bo Master original article, without Bo Master permission not reproduced.

Article Source: http://blog.luoyuanhang.com

Copyright NOTICE: This article for Bo Master original article, without Bo Master permission not reproduced. (Article Source: http://blog.luoyuanhang.com)

"Write the operating system family from scratch" Implementing a-GDT (1)