Simple operation of python3+selenium3.13

1. Browser

1.1 Browser Window Size location

Driver.set_window_size (self, width, height, windowhandle) sets a window to a fixed size

Driver.set_window_position (self, x, y, windowhandle) moves a window to the specified position

Driver.set_window_rect (self, x, y, width, height, windowhandle) moves a window to a fixed size to the specified position

Driver.maximize_window () window maximization

Driver.minimize_window () window minimized

From selenium import Webdriver

Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()

Driver.get ("http://www.baidu.com")

Driver.set_window_rect (300, 300, 480, 800)
Driver.set_window_position (300, 300)
Driver.maximize_window ()
Driver.minimize_window ()

1.2 Controlling the browser's back and forth

Driver.back ()

Driver.forward ()

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
F_url = "Https://www.baidu.com"
S_url = "Https://news.baidu.com"
Driver.get (F_url)
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.get (S_url)
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.back ()
Assert F_url in Driver.current_url, "Current URL not first URL"
Print (Driver.current_url)
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.forward ()
Assert S_url in Driver.current_url, "Current URL not second URL"
Print (Driver.current_url)
Driver.close ()

1.3 Simulating browser refreshes

Driver.refresh ()

2. Element manipulation

Clear Erase Text

Send_keys (value) analog key input

Click ()

Submit () Submission form, such as the enter operation after the search box input, can be simulated by the submit () method

Size returns the dimensions of the element

Text gets the literal of the element

Get_attribute (name) Gets the property value

Is_displayed () returns whether the element is visible, Boolean type

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
F_url = "Https://www.baidu.com"
Driver.get (F_url)
driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Send_keys ("Hello")

Print (driver.find_element_by_id ("CP"). Text)

driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Clear ()
driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Send_keys ("Selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Submit ()

Print (size)
Print (driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Get_attribute ("name"))
Print (driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Is_displayed ())

Driver.close ()

3. Mouse events

Perform () performs the behavior stored in all Actionchains

Context_click () Right-click

Double_click () Double-click

Drag_and_drop () drag

Move_to_element () mouse hover

Right-click Not implemented
From selenium import Webdriver
From selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import  actionchains
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
F_url = "Https://www.baidu.com"
Driver.get (F_url)
Driver.find_element_by_link_text ("Map"). Click ()
Driver.find_element_by_xpath ("//span[@class = ' success ']"). Click ()
Nowpos = Driver.find_element_by_xpath ("//*[@class =\" normal\ "][1]")
Actionchains (Driver). Context_click (Nowpos). Perform ()
Time.sleep (1)
Try
    Driver.find_element_by_xpath ("//span[@id =\" cmitem_start\ "]"). Click ()
Except Exception as E:
    Print ("Not Found")

Time.sleep (1)
Driver.close ()

Mouse hover

From selenium import Webdriver
From selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import  actionchains
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
F_url = "Https://www.baidu.com"
Driver.get (F_url)
Bdmore = Driver.find_element_by_link_text ("Settings")
Actionchains (Driver). Move_to_element (Bdmore). Perform ()
Driver.find_element_by_link_text ("Search History"). Click ()
Time.sleep (2)
Driver.close ()
Mouse Double-click
Did not find the applicable scene, did not try

element = Driver.find_element_by_link_text ("xx")
Actionchains (Driver). Double_click (Element). Perform ()

Mouse Drag and drop
Did not find the applicable scene, did not try

e1 = Driver.find_element_by_xpath ("") #源位置
E2 = Driver.find_element_by_xpath ("") #目标位置
Actionchains (Driver). Drag_and_drop (E1, E2). Perform () #执行拖放

4. Keyboard events

The SendKeys can simulate keyboard input, or it can be used to simulate keys on a keyboard, even key combinations

 from selenium import webdriver 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import by 
 from Selenium.webdriver.common.keys import keys 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import Actionchains 
 From time import sleep,ctime 
 Driver = webdriver. Firefox () 
 Driver.get ("https://www.baidu.com") 
 el = driver.find_element (by.id, "kw") 
 El.send_keys (" Seleniumm ") 
 El.send_keys (keys.back_space) 
 El.send_keys (keys.space) 
 El.send_keys (" tutorial ") 
 El.send_keys (Keys.control, ' a ') 
 El.send_keys (Keys.control, ' x ') 
 El.send_keys (Keys.control, ' V ') 
 El.send_keys (keys.enter) 
 Driver.close () 
 
 
 

Send_keys (Keys.back_space)	Delete key backspace
Send_keys (Keys.space)	Space bar Space
Send_keys (Keys.tab)	TAB key tab
Send_keys (Keys.espace)	Fallback key ESC
Send_keys (Keys.enter)	Enter ENTER
Send_keys (Keys.control, ' a ')	Select All Ctrl + A
Send_keys (Keys.control, ' C ')	Copy Ctrl + C
Send_keys (Keys.control, ' x ')	Shear Ctrl+x
Send_keys (Keys.control, ' V ')	Paste Ctrl + V
Send_keys (KEYS.F1)	Keyboard F1
Send_keys (KEYS.F12)	Keyboard F12

Problem: If you encounter the following error, it is caused by not importing keys

From Selenium.webdriver.common.keys import keys

5. Get Verification Information

Title Get page title

Current_url the current URL

Text gets the textual information between the label pairs

Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("https://www.baidu.com")
Print (Driver.title)
Print (Driver.current_url)
Driver.close ()

6. Set the wait

6.1 Explicit wait

The display waits for the web driver to wait for a certain condition to continue executing, or to run out of the timeout exception timeoutexception. The Webdriverwait class is a wait method provided by Webdriver. During the set-up time, the default is to detect the presence of the current page element at intervals and throw an exception if it is not detected beyond the set time.

Webdriverwait (Driver, timeout, poll_frequency=0.5, Ignored_exceptions=none)

Driver: Browser driver

Timeout: Maximum time-out, default in seconds

Poll_frequency: Detection interval, default 0.5 seconds

Ignored_exceptions: Exception information after timeout, default throw nosuchelementexception exception

Webdriverwait generally used in conjunction with the until () or Until_not () method

Until (method, message= ") calls the method that provides the driver as a parameter until the return value is True

Until_not (method, message= ") calls the method supplied by the driver as a parameter until the return value is False

From selenium import Webdriver
From selenium.webdriver.common.by Import by
From time  import Sleep,ctime
From Selenium.webdriver.support.ui import webdriverwait
From Selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC #将expected_condtions重命名为EC
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("https://www.baidu.com")
el = webdriverwait (Driver, 5, 0.5). Until (Ec.presence_of_element_located ((by.id, "kw")) #将EC方法作为参数传入
El.send_keys (' Selenium ')
Driver.close ()
The Expected_conditions class provides the method of judging the expected condition:

Title_is	Determines whether the title of the current page equals the expected
Title_contains	Determines whether the title of the current page contains the expected string
presence_of_element_located	Determining whether an element is added to the DOM tree does not mean that the element must be visible
visibility_of_element_located	The judging element is visible (the element is not hidden and the element width and height are not equal to 0)
Visibility_of	Same as the previous method, except that the previous method parameter is positioned, and the method receives the positioned element
presenece_of_all_elements_located	Determines whether at least one element exists in the DOM tree. For example, in the Baidu home page has n elements of class is Mnav, then as long as there is a existence, it returns true
Text_to_be_present_in_element	Determines whether the text of an element contains the expected string
Text_to_be_present_in_element_value	Determines whether the value property of an element contains the expected string
Frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it	Determine if the form can be toggled in, if possible, return true and switch in, otherwise return false
invisibility_of_element_located	Determines whether an element does not exist with the DOM tree or is not visible
Invisibility_to_be_clickable	Determines whether an element is visible and can be clicked
Staleness_of	Wait until an element is removed from the DOM tree
element_to_be_selected	Determines whether an element is selected and is typically used in a drop-down list
Element_selection_state_to_be	Determine whether an element is selected in accordance with the expected status
Element_located_selection_state_to_be	The same as the previous method, except that the previous method parameter is the positioned element, and the method receives the parameter as the positional
Alert_is_present	Determine if alert is present on the page

6.2 Implicit wait

An implicit wait is a certain amount of time to wait for an element on the page to finish loading. Throws a Nosuchelementexception exception if the time-long element that is not set is not loaded. The Web driver provides the implictly_wait () method to implement an implicit wait, which is set to 0 by default.

Implicitly_wait (seconds)

From selenium import Webdriver
From time import CTime
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("https://www.baidu.com")
Driver.implicitly_wait (#设置隐式等待时间为10秒)
Try
    Print (CTime ())
    driver.find_element_by_id ("Kw22"). Send_keys ("Selenium")
Except Exception as E:
    Print (e)
Finally
    Print (CTime ())
Driver.close ()

6.3 Sleep time.sleep (seconds)

7. Positioning a group of elements

Locating a set of elements is similar to locating a single element method, except that the element is a complex number.

A scene that locates a set of elements:

1. Bulk operation elements, such as checking all the checkboxes on the page

2. First get a set of elements and then filter out the elements that need to be manipulated from this set of objects. For example, locate all the checkboxes on the page, and then select one of the actions.

DRIVER.FIND_ELEMENT_BY_ID ()	DRIVER.FIND_ELEMENTS_BY_ID ()
Driver.find_element_by_class_name ()	Driver.find_elements_by_class_name ()
Driver.find_element_by_name ()	Driver.find_elements_by_name ()
Driver.find_element_by_link_text ()	Driver.find_elements_by_link_text ()
Driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text ()	Driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text ()
Driver.find_element_by_tag_name ()	Driver.find_elements_by_tag_name ()
Driver.find_element_by_xpath ()	Driver.find_elements_by_xpath ()
Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ()	Driver.find_elements_by_css_selector ()

ACTION check box Len () calculates the number of elements pop () is used to uncheck

Pop () Pop (-1) Gets the last one by default

Pop (index) gets the element labeled index

Example: The selection box for this page is a single selection, and clicking again cannot deselect it.

From selenium import Webdriver
From selenium.webdriver.common.by Import by
From time  import Sleep,ctime

Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("Https://www.12321.cn/web")
Stylen = Driver.find_elements_by_class_name ("Bllxcheck")
Print (len (stylen)) #打印长度4
For I in Stylen:
    I.click ()
    Sleep (1)

Stylen.pop (2). Click () #选择第3个选框

Driver.close ()

8. Multi-form switching

When there are multiple iframe, you can get 1 groups of elements and then do the work, you must return to the previous level.

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://sahitest.com/demo/iframesTest.htm")
IFRN = Driver.find_elements_by_css_selector ("iframe")
For I in IFRN:
    Driver.switch_to.frame (i)
    Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("a[href=\" linktest.htm\ "]"). Click ()
    Time.sleep (1)
    Driver.switch_to.parent_frame ()
Driver.close ()

9. Multi-Window switching

During the page operation, if a new window pops up, you need to switch to the new open window. Otherwise driver still stay on the original page, the operation for the new window will be error.

Design method: Get all Handles (window_handles), current window handle (current_window_handle), switch to corresponding to window (Switch_to_handle (handle))

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://baidu.com")
Search_window = Driver.current_window_handle
Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("div[id= ' U1 ']>a[name= ' Tj_login ']"). Click ()
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.find_element_by_link_text ("Register Now"). Click ()
Time.sleep (1)
All_handle = Driver.window_handles
For handle in All_handle:
    Print (handle)
    If handle! = Search_window:
        Print ("Not search Window")
    If handle = = Search_window:
        Print ("Search window")
Driver.quit ()

10. Warning Box handling

There are 3 warning boxes, followed by alert, confirm, and prompt. Operation has accept (), dismiss (), Send_keys (value)

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://sahitest.com/demo/alertTest.htm")
Driver.find_element_by_name ("T1"). Send_keys ("Alert Test")
Alert_button = Driver.find_elements_by_css_selector ("input[type=\" button\ "]")
Print (len (Alert_button))
For AL in Alert_button:
    Al.click ()
    Time.sleep (1)
    Driver.switch_to.alert.accept ()
    Time.sleep (1)
Driver.quit ()

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://sahitest.com/demo/confirmTest.htm")
Driver.find_element_by_name ("B1"). Click ()
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.switch_to.alert.dismiss ()
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.find_element_by_name ("B1"). Click ()
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.switch_to.alert.accept ()
Time.sleep (1)
Driver.quit ()

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://sahitest.com/demo/promptTest.htm")
Driver.find_element_by_name ("B1"). Click ()
Driver.switch_to.alert.send_keys ("Hello World")
Driver.switch_to.alert.dismiss ()
Driver.find_element_by_name ("B1"). Click ()
Driver.switch_to.alert.send_keys ("Hello World")
Driver.switch_to.alert.accept ()
Driver.quit ()

10. Uploading Files

In general, Web page uploads need to open a local Windows window, and Webdriver is not able to manipulate it.

For the Web page upload functionality is generally implemented in the following 2 ways:

Normal upload: Normal attachment upload is the path of the local file as a value in the input tag, the form form to submit this value to the server

Plugin upload: Generally based on Flash, JavaScript, Ajax and other technologies implemented by the upload function

1.send_keys Implementing uploads

Did not find the right website using Send_keys upload

2. No plugin to upload files for Mac

Wait here for future additions

　　

11. Download the file

Download file comparison Http://tool.oschina.net/commons

13. Manipulating Cookies

Sometimes it is necessary to verify that the cookie is correct, because a test based on a true cookie cannot be done through a white box or integration test.

Cookie usage Scenario: Developers develop a feature that, when the user logs in, writes the user's username to the browser cookie, the specified key is username, and we can find the corresponding value by username. If username or value is not found, the cookie is not successfully saved to the browser.

Get_cookies () Get all cookie information

Get_cookie (name) returns the cookie information for the dictionary key name

Add_cookie (cookie_dict) Here dict note the format, name, value to be specified separately

Delete_cookie (name,optionsstring)

Delete_all_cookies ()

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://www.baidu.com")
Print (Driver.get_cookies ())
Driver.add_cookie ({' name ': ' Money ', ' value ': ' Shield '})
Print (Driver.get_cookie (' money '))
#print (Driver.get_cookie (' team2 '))
Driver.delete_cookie (' money ')
Driver.delete_all_cookies ()
Driver.close ()

14. Invoking JavaScript
Although the Web driver provides a way to manipulate the browser's forward and backward methods, there is no way to manipulate the browser scroll bar. In this case, JavaScript is needed to control the browser's scrolling. Web driver provides a way for Execute_script () to execute JavaScript code.
1. Adjust the browser scroll bar

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("http://www.baidu.com")
Driver.set_window_size (600, 600)
driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Send_keys ("Selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id ("su"). Click ()
Time.sleep (2)
JS = "Window.scrollto (100,450)"
Driver.execute_script (JS)
Time.sleep (3)
Driver.close ()

  
 2. Output to the Rich text box as content 
 Enter content into the textarea on the page. Front-end Code for text box: 
 <textarea id= "id" style= "width:98%" cols= "" rows= "5" class= "textarea"/> 
 Text = "Input text" 
 js = "var sum=document.getelementbyod (' id '); Sum.value= ' + text + '; ' 
 Driver.executes_script (JS) 
 did not find a suitable scene, no test 
 15. Working with HTML video playback 
 https://v.autohome.com.cn/v-1930327.html #pvareaid =3311300 
 
 return arguments[0].currentsrc; Get the network storage address of the video file 
 return arguments[0].duration; get video length 
 return Arguments[0].play (); Play Video 
 Return Arguments[0].pause (); Pause video 
  

From selenium import Webdriver
Import time
Driver = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.get ("https://v.autohome.com.cn/v-1930327.html#pvareaid=3311300")
Print ("video title:", Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("Div>h1"). Text)
Video = Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("video")
Print (' pause ')
Driver.execute_script ("Return Arguments[0].pause ();", video)
Time.sleep (2)
url = Driver.execute_script ("Return arguments[0].currentsrc;", video)
Print ("Video times:", Driver.execute_script ("Return arguments[0].duration;", video))
Print ("Video url:", url)
Print (' Play ')
Driver.execute_script ("Return Arguments[0].play ()", video)
Time.sleep (2)
Driver.close ()

16. Windows
Get_screenshot_as_file ("path") will be saved as a file
Get_screenshot_as_png () This is to get the screen, save the binary data, rarely used

Get_screenshot_as_base64 ()

This method is also to get the screen, save the Base64 encoding format, in the HTML interface output, will be used.

For example, want to put in the HTML test report.
Driver.get_screenshot_as_base64 ()

river = Webdriver. Firefox ()
Driver.implicitly_wait (10)
Driver.get ("http://www.baidu.com")
driver.find_element_by_id ("kw"). Send_keys ("Selenium")
driver.find_element_by_id ("su"). Click ()
Acturetext = Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("Span.nums_text"). Text
Expecttext = "Baidu finds relevant results for you"
Print (Acturetext)
Assert Expecttext in Acturetext, "Results not Found"
Driver.get_screenshot_as_file ("/users/chenshanju/desktop/test.png")
Driver.get_screenshot_as_png ()
Time.sleep (2)
Driver.close ()

17. Close the window
Driver.close () Close the current window
Driver.quit () Exit browser

18. Processing of verification codes
　　
18.1 Remove the verification code
Just comment out the relevant code of the verification code. If the test environment is convenient, if the online environment, the risk is very high.
18.2 Setting the Universal Verification code
Leave a backdoor in the program and set a universal verification code. As long as the user input universal Verification code, the program is considered to pass the verification, or the user entered the verification code is correct.

From random import Randint
Verify = Randint (1000, 9999)
Number = Int (input ("Input a Number:"))
If number = = Verify:
    Print ("Login Success")
elif Number = = 123456: #设置万能验证码
    Print ("Login Success")
Else
    Print ("Uncorrect verify")

18.3 Verification Code Identification technology
Image verification codes can be identified by Python-tesseract. However, many forms of verification code, most of the verification code recognition technology, the recognition rate is difficult to reach 100%

18.4 Recording Cookies

Driver.get ("http://www.test.com")
Driver.add_cookie ({' name ': ' Login_usernumber ', ' value ': ' Username '})
Driver.add_cookie ({' name ': ' Login_password ', ' value ': ' Password '})
Driver.get ("http://www.test.com")

Simple operation of python3+selenium3.13