java命令列下如何設定classpath類路徑

以往基於構建工具和IDE工作,很少使用命令列執行程式,但偶爾使用命令列的時候關於類路徑的設定都要查閱一下說明文檔,這裡找到一個詳盡清晰的說明,以備自查.特別指明的是:classpath最好使用""(window系統下)或''(linux系統下)括起來,否則可能會因為包含的jar路徑上含有空格一類的特殊字元導致出現奇怪的錯誤提示.,本文轉自wikipedia,地址: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classpath_%28Java%29
Setting the path to execute Java programsBasic usage

Suppose we have a package called org.mypackage containing the classes:

• HelloWorld (main class)
• SupportClass
• UtilClass

and the files defining this package are stored physically under the directory D:\myprogram (on Windows) or /home/user/myprogram (on Linux).

The file structure will look like this:

Microsoft Windows	Linux
D:\myprogram\ | ---> org\ | ---> mypackage\ | ---> HelloWorld.class ---> SupportClass.class ---> UtilClass.class	/home/user/myprogram/ | ---> org/ | ---> mypackage/ | ---> HelloWorld.class ---> SupportClass.class ---> UtilClass.class

When we invoke Java, we specify the name of the application to run: org.mypackage.HelloWorld. However we must also tell Java where to look for the files and directories defining our package. So to launch the program, we use the following command:

Microsoft Windows	Linux
java -classpath D:\myprogram org.mypackage.HelloWorld	java -classpath /home/user/myprogram org.mypackage.HelloWorld

where:

• -classpath D:\myprogram sets the path to the packages used in the program (on Linux, -classpath /home/user/myprogram)
• org.mypackage.HelloWorld is the name of the main class

Note that if we ran Java in D:\myprogram\ (on Linux, /home/user/myprogram/) then we would not need to specify the classpath since Java implicitly looks in the current working directory for files containing classes.

Adding all JAR files in a directory

In Java 6 and higher, one can add all jar-files in a specific directory to the classpath using wildcard notation.

Windows example:

java -classpath ".;c:\mylib\*" MyApp

Linux example:

java -classpath '.:/mylib/*' MyApp

Setting the path through an environment variable

The environment variable named CLASSPATH may be alternatively used to set the classpath. For the above example, we could also use on Windows:

Sometimes you have to check the JAVA_HOME also, if it is pointing towards the right JDK version

set CLASSPATH=D:\myprogramjava org.mypackage.HelloWorld

Setting the path of a Jar file

Now, suppose the program uses a supporting library enclosed in a Jar file called supportLib.jar, physically in the directory D:\myprogram\lib\.

The corresponding physical file structure is :

D:\myprogram\      |      ---> lib\            |            ---> supportLib.jar      |      ---> org\            |            --> mypackage\                       |                       ---> HelloWorld.class                       ---> SupportClass.class                       ---> UtilClass.class

We should use the following command-line option:

java -classpath D:\myprogram;D:\myprogram\lib\supportLib.jar org.mypackage.HelloWorld

or alternatively:

set CLASSPATH=D:\myprogram;D:\myprogram\lib\supportLib.jarjava org.mypackage.HelloWorld

Setting the path in a Manifest file

Suppose that our program has been enclosed in a Jar file called helloWorld.jar, put directly in the D:\myprogram directory. We have the following file structure:

D:\myprogram\      |      ---> helloWorld.jar       |      ---> lib\              |            ---> supportLib.jar

The manifest file defined in this Jar file has this definition:

Main-Class: org.mypackage.HelloWorldClass-Path: lib/supportLib.jar

Note: It's important that the manifest file ends with either a new line or carriage return.

Also, note that the classpath string in this case describes the location of the supportLib.jar file relative to the location of the helloWorld.jar file, and not as an absolute file path (as it might be when setting the -classpath parameter on the command line, for example). Thus, the actual locations of the jar file and its support library are irrelevant so long as the relative directory structure between the two is preserved.

To launch the program, we can use the following command:

java -jar D:\myprogram\helloWorld.jar

It is not necessary to define the Classpath to the program classes, or the support library classes, because it is already defined in the manifest file.

Caution, it is useless to define the Main class at launch, the manifest of the JAR file must contain a line of the form

Main-Class: classname

in order for the -jar option to work JavaDoc.

The syntax for specifying multiple library JAR files in the manifest file is to separate the entries with a space:

Class-Path: lib/supportLib.jar lib/supportLib2.jar

OS specific notes

Being closely associated with the file system, the command-line Classpath syntax depends on the operating system. For example:

• on all Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux and Mac OS X), the directory structure has a Unix syntax, with separate file paths separated by a colon (":").
• on Windows, the directory structure has a Windows syntax, and each file path must be separated by a semicolon (";").

This does not apply when the Classpath is defined in manifest files, where each file path must be separated by a space (" "), regardless of the operating system.

Diagnose

Application programmers may want to find out/debug the current settings under which the application is running:

System.getProperty("java.class.path")