一.SYS.AUDSES$序列說明1.1 MOS 說明
MOS 文檔:How Sessions get Their AUDSID Identifier [ID 122230.1]
Sessionsconnecting to an Oracle database have a number of identifiers assigned to themwhich can be found in the V$SESSION dynamic view.
--當session 串連到Oracle 資料庫時,會分配一個標識號,這個標識號可以從v$session 這個視圖裡查詢。
One of theseidentifiers is V$SESSION.AUDSID. Thisidentifier is particularly useful because it can also be obtained by a sessionusing the SQL function USERENV('SESSIONID'). In this way, a session can find its own session-related information.
--其中一個標識符就是v$session.audsid. 這個標識符非常有用,因為它也可以用SQL 函數USERENV(‘SESSIONID’)來擷取,這樣,session 就可以發現其關聯的資訊。
1.2 SESSION 擷取v$session.audsid說明
A session connected to an Oracle database may obtain one of its session identifiers, the Auditing Session ID, by use of the built-in USERENV SQL function.
For example, in SQL*Plus, a query like thefollowing can be used:
SQL> select userenv('SESSIONID') from dual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
13591
--查看當前的Auditingsession id
This value maybe used to find out more information about the current session as it is alsorecorded in the column AUDSID of the V$SESSION dynamic view.
--通過這個audid,然後和v$session 結合,就可以查看session的更多資訊。
Continuing the previous example:
SQL> select sid,serial#,audsid,programfrom v$session where audsid=13591;
SID SERIAL# AUDSID PROGRAM
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------
13 2904 13591 sqlplus@sunclient1 (TNS V1-V2)
This AuditingSession ID is determined when the user connects to the database and is aconstant value for the duration of the session.
--AUDID 決定使用者是什麼時候串連到資料庫的,在session 活動期間,該值是不變的。
The value thatis assigned to AUDSID is taken from a sequence in the Oracle Data Dictionary,the sequence SYS.AUDSES$. When AUDSID isassigned to a new session the SYS.AUDSES$ sequence is incremented using NEXTVALand the new value is assigned to the session.
--那麼session 分配的AUDSID 值是從SYS.AUDSES$序列中擷取的,當分配時,SYS.AUDSES$會使用nextval 增加,然後賦值給session。
However, not allsessions get an AUDSID: Sessions connecting as 'internal' do not increment theSYS.AUDSES$ sequence and the value of their AUDSID is 0.
--但是,不是所有的session 都可以擷取到AUDSID值。 用internal串連時,就不會增加SYS.AUDSES$序列,其對應session 的AUDSID 值是0.
For example, see what happens when weconnect internal in svrmgrl:
SVRMGR> connect internal
Connected.
SVRMGR> select userenv('SESSIONID') fromdual;
USERENV('S
----------
0
1 row selected.
Connect internal gets an AUDSID of 0irrespective of which tool was used.
--不管使用什麼工具串連,只要用的是internal使用者,那麼AUDSID 就是0
For example, connecting internal fromSQL*Plus:
SQL> connect internal/oracle
Connected.
SQL> select userenv('SESSIONID') fromdual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
0
Background processes also have 0 as theirAUDSID value。
--後台進程對應的AUDSID值也是0.
Continuing from the last SQL*Plus session,where we are connected internal:
SQL> select sid,serial#,audsid,programfrom v$session;
SID SERIAL# AUDSID PROGRAM
---------- ---------- ----------------------------------------
1 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (PMON)
2 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (DBWR)
3 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (ARCH)
4 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (LGWR)
5 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (CKPT)
6 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (SMON)
7 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (RECO)
8 17125 0 sqlplus@sunclient1 (TNS V1-V2)
10 rows selected.
Of course'connect internal' is equivalent to connecting 'AS SYSOPER' or 'AS SYSDBA' andin both of these cases AUDSID is again 0.
--internal 進行串連,和’as sysoper’,’as sysdba’ 串連是等價的。其對應的AUDSID 都是0.
In 10g we make a further distinction forSYS sessions:
If AUDSID=0, then it is an internallygenerated SYS session.
If AUDSID=UB4MAX(4294967295), then it is adirect SYS session.
--在Oracle 10g,如果AUDSID 為0. 則表示的使用內部產生的SYS session,如果AUDSID 為UB4MAX(4294967295), 那麼表示直接使用SYS使用者登陸的。
SYS@anqing1(rac1)> conn / as sysdba;
Connected.
SYS@anqing1(rac1)> selectuserenv('SESSIONID') from dual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
4294967295
小結:
當session串連資料庫時,會分配一個Auditing Session ID,可以使用userenv('SESSIONID') 查看當前AUDID 的值,其值和v$session 視圖裡的audid 等值,所以結合這個,就可以查看當前session 的更多資訊。
Auditingsession ID的值是從SYS.AUDSES$序列中擷取,每次取時會自動增加,然後賦給session。
對於internal使用者(’/as sysoper’ 和 ‘/as sysdba’)和後台進程,其對應的AUDID 為0.
在Oracle 10g中,如果AUDID的值為0,表明是internal 使用者,如果AUDID 值是4294967295,那麼就表明是用SYS 使用者直接連接的。
二.SYS.AUDSES$的最佳化
2.1 Sequence 說明
之前整理了一篇有關sequence最佳化的Blog:
OracleSequence Cache 參數說明
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/article/details/5995051
sequence 的cache 對高DML的應用來說,在效能上的提高有很大協助,而且對於sequence,我們可以使用alter修改除start 之外的所有屬性,所以修改sequence 也很方便。
Sequence cache 的預設值是20,包括這裡的SYS.AUDSES$,這個值一般來說都是不合適的,尤其是高並發的系統,需要更大的cache。 所以在應用上線之前,我們會檢查應用的中sequence 的cache值,一般都會改成1000+.
Oracle為了管理sequence使用了以下三中鎖
(1)row cache lock
在調用sequence.nextval過程中,將資料字典資訊進行物理修改時擷取,賦予了nocache屬性的sequence上發生。
(2)SQ鎖 -- enq: SQ
在記憶體上緩衝(cache)範圍內,調用sequence.nextval期間擁有此鎖,賦予了cache+noorder 屬性的sequence上發生。
(3)SV鎖 -- DFS lock handle
RAC上節點之間順序得到保障的情況下,調用sequence.nextval期間獲得,賦予了cache+order屬性的sequence上發生。
賦予了CACHE屬性的sequence調用nextval期間,應該以SSX模式獲得SQ鎖,許多會話同時為了擷取SQ鎖而發生爭用過程中,若發生爭用,則等待enq:SQ-contention.
建立Sequence賦予的CACHE值較小時,有enq:SQ-contention等待增加的趨勢,CACHE值較小,記憶體上事先CACHE的值很快被耗盡,這時需要將資料字典資訊物理修改,再次執行CACHE的工作,在此期間,因為一直要擁有SQ鎖,相應的Enq:SQ-contention事件的等待時間也會延長,很不幸的是,在建立Sequence時,將CACHE值的預設值設定為較小20, 因此建立使用量最多的Sequence時,CACHE值應該取1000以上的較大值。
更多測試參考我的blog:
enq:SQcontention / row cache lock / DFS lock handle(SV) 等待事件 說明
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/article/details/6534886
所以我們可以通過查看DB的等待事件來確認sequence的cache 時候需要調整. 這些等待事件可以直接通過AWR 報告來查看,也可以通過相關的視圖。
1.對於單一實例: 可以查看v$system_event 中row cache locks。
2. 對於RAC,可以查看gv$enqueue_stat中enq: SQ –contention 等待事件。一般來說對於RAC,都是加大sequence的cache,並使用noorder選項,同時要修改sys.audses$的cache。
前面已經提到,需要修改SYS.AUDSES$, 在第一部分講了每個session 串連時都會分配一個AUDID,其是從SYS.AUDSES$序列中擷取,那麼如果cache 過小,且在某一個時刻有多個session 同時建立,那麼就可能遇到enq:SQ-contention等待事件。
所以在最佳化的時候關注2個: 一個是enq:SQ-contention等待事件,還有一個是logons 數。
在RAC環境下,如果logon較為頻繁的話,這個sequence是必須調整的。logon高,且cache 過小,可能導致整個資料庫hang住。
這2個資料都可以從AWR中直接擷取。
修改cache:
SQL> alter sequence sys.audses$ cache1000;
Sequence altered.
根據具體的業務情況,這個cache值還可以在增大。
2.2 RAC Hangs due tosmall cache size on SYS.AUDSES$ [ID 395314.1]
PURPOSE
-------
Prevent hangs inRAC due to high login rate and low cache setting of AUDSES$ sequence.
Default of 20 isnot adequate in many cases.
PROBLEM:
--------
The defaultsetting for the SYS.AUDSES$ sequence is 20, this is too low for a RAC system wherelogins can occur concurrently from multiple nodes. During high login rate such low value cancause slowness and even hangs. Some of the symptoms are:
--預設的SYS.AUDSES$ 是20,這個值對於高並發的RAC來說過低,在高login和低cache的情況下,能導致系統變慢甚至hang住。 具體的表現如下:
-Checkpoint not completing on all RAC nodes
-Waits expire on row cache enqueue lock dc_sequences
- RAChangs due to QMON deadlocking
During thosehangs session login is not possible (or *extremely* slow) due to extremely highcontention on the above sequence.
SOLUTION:
---------
Manually increase that sequence cache oneach affected database:
--解決方案是手工的修改sequence 的cache:
SQL>alter sequence sys.audses$ cache10000;
This is fixed in 10.2.0.3 patchset.(Affected releases 9i to 10.2.0.2)
--這個問題在10.2.0.3中修複,其影響範圍從9i 到10.2.0.2.
REFERENCES
----------
bug:4390868
bug:2855838
Bug 4390868 - Contentionon DC_SEGMENTS due to small cache size on SYS.AUDSES$ [ID 4390868.8]
2.3 How To Reset AUDSES$Sequence [ID 443618.1]
The goal of thatdocument is how to reset AUDSES$ sequence ,and any other sequence,to make itstart again with the start with value.
You cannotdirectly change the start with value of a sequence using thefollowing command:
Alter sequenceAUDSES$ start with 1;
This statement will generate the following error:
ORA-02283: cannot alter starting sequencenumber
Solution
Here is the steps to reset AUDSES$ sequence :
please note thatrequires the sequence to be CYCLE_FALG to be Y which is the default for that sequence:
1-It is recommended to take a backup fromthe database.
2- Connect to the database using sys account:
SQL>select AUDSES$.nextval from dual;
That will return a value X
SQL>alter sequence AUDSES$ maxvalue X;
Please note that maxvalue above should be greater than the value of CACHE_SIZE----->that value can be obtained by :
SQL>select *
from dba_sequences
wheresequence_name='AUDSES$';
--maxvalue 需要大於CACHE_SIZE,其值可以從dba_sequences中查詢。
SQL>select AUDSES$.nextval from dual;
It should start again from the beginning.
Please note the maximum value for that sequence has been changed to X you canre change to any other value wanted.
In 11g, you may encounteran error when attempting the above, such as:
ORA-04009: MAXVALUE cannot be made to be less than the current value
--在Oracle11g,限制的更嚴格一點,MAXVALUE 值不能小於當前值。
To work around this you may do thefollowing:
sql> connect / as sysdba
shutdown immediate
startup restrict
set lines 80
select * from dba_sequences where sequence_name='AUDSES$';
-- determine increment number:
select (max_value - last_number - 5) from dba_sequences where sequence_name=
'AUDSES$';
-- modify number in next statement from outcome ofprevious statement:
alter sequence audses$ increment by 10 cache 2;
select audses$.nextval from dual;
-- change increment value back to 1:
alter sequence audses$ increment by 1 cache 20;
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