perl-cgi進階

最後更新：2018-12-07 來源：互聯網

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一 CGI.pm中的方法（routines）調用 1. CGI.pm實現了兩種使用方法，分別是物件導向的方式和傳統的perlmodule方法的方式。物件導向的方式： #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w use CGI; # load CGI routines $q = CGI->new; # create new CGI object print $q->header, # create the HTTP header $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header $q->end_html; # end the HTML 傳統的module方法的方式： #!/usr/local/bin/perl use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines print header, # create the HTTP header start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML h1('hello world'), # level 1 header end_html; # end the HTML 2. CGI.pm中的方法。 CGI.pm中的方法，通常有很多的參數，所以一般我們使用具名引數的方式來調用，例如： print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'); 具名引數的值可以為scalar或array reference類型，例如： $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato'); $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']); 3. CGI.pm中的html元素（html shortcuts）方法所有的html的元素（例如h1，br等）在CGI.pm中都有對應的方法，這些方法根據需要動態產生，且都包含2個參數，第一個參數為hash類型，對應html元素的屬性，第二個參數的string類型，對應html元素的內容。例如html中的h1對應的方法為h1( )： Code Generated HTML ---- -------------- h1() <h1> h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1> h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT"> h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1> 有時你想自己處理元素的開始和結尾，則可以使用start_tag_name和end_tag_name,例如 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1; 有的時候start和end方法沒有被自動產生，需要顯示的指定，例如： use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/; 用來自動產生start_table,end_table,start_ul和end_ul方法。另一個執行個體： print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'}, "Open a new frame"); <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>

二 CGI.pm中擷取cgi的參數 @names = $query->param #get all params @values = $query->param('foo'); #get param foo as list $value = $query->param('foo'); #get param foo as scalar param()擷取參數的結果可以為scalar或array類型，例如當參數的結果來自多選的scrollinglist的時候就為array類型。如果參數的值在querystring中沒有給定（"name1=&name2="），param()將返回emptystring。如果參數在querystring中根本不存在，則param()則返回undef或emptylist。當參數為多個值時querystring中寫法為var1=value1&var1=value2&var1=value3.

三 header and start_html 1. header指定html的header，例如 print header; # 返回預設的type：text/html print header('image/gif'); #設定type為：image/gif print header('text/html','204 No response'); $cookie1 = $q->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name', -value=>"The Sphynx's Question"); $cookie2 = $q->cookie(-name=>'answers', -value=>\%answers); print header(-type=>'image/gif', -nph=>1, -status=>'402 Payment required', -expires=>'+3d', -cookie => [$cookie1,$cookie2] , -charset=>'utf-7', -attachment=>'foo.gif', -Cost=>'$2.00'); 其中-type,-status,-expires,-cookie為可以設別的參數，其他的具名引數都被轉化為html header屬性。 -expires的值可以為： +30s 30 seconds from now +10m ten minutes from now +1h one hour from now -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!") now immediately +3M in three months +10y in ten years time Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date 2. start_html 建立頁面的頂層元素<html><header</header><body> 例如： print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids', -author=>'fred@capricorn.org', -base=>'true', -target=>'_blank', -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy', 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'}, -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'}, -BGCOLOR=>'blue'); 或者： print start_html(-head=>[ Link({-rel=>'shortcut icon',href=>'favicon.ico'}), meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',-content=> 'text/html'}) ] ); 在header中加入javascript的例子： $query = CGI->new; print header; $JSCRIPT=<<END; // Ask a silly question function riddle_me_this() { var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " + "two legs in the afternoon, " + "and three legs in the evening?"); response(r); } // Get a silly answer function response(answer) { if (answer == "man") alert("Right you are!"); else alert("Wrong! Guess again."); } END print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx', -script=>$JSCRIPT); print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx', -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT', -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'} ); print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx', -script=>[ { -type => 'text/javascript', -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js' }, { -type => 'text/javascript', -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js' }, { -type => 'text/jscript', -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js' }, { -type => 'text/ecmascript', -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js' } ] ); 在header中使用css的例子： use CGI qw/:standard :html3/; #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page $newStyle=<<END;  END print header(); print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style', -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css', -code=>$newStyle} ); print h1('CGI with Style'), p({-class=>'Tip'}, "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"), span({-style=>'color: magenta'}, "Look Mom, no hands!", p(), "Whooo wee!" ); print end_html;

四 url $full_url = url(); # http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi $full_url = url(-full=>1); # http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi $relative_url = url(-relative=>1); #script.cgi $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1); #path/to/script.cgi $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1); $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1); $netloc = url(-base => 1); #http://your.host.com

五 CGI.pm中的html元素方法的特殊用法如果元素的第二個參數為list類型，則會被分解，例如： print ul( li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy']) ); 相當於： <ul> <li type="disc">Sneezy</li> <li type="disc">Doc</li> <li type="disc">Sleepy</li> <li type="disc">Happy</li> </ul> 例如table可以寫為： print table({-border=>undef}, caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'), Tr({-align=>'CENTER',-valign=>'TOP'}, [ th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']), td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']), td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']), td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes']) ] ) );

六 CGI.pm中非標準的html元素方法 print comment('here is my comment'); #generates an HTML comment () 因為與perl方法衝突，所以大寫的: Select Tr Link Delete Accept Sub 其他特殊的html元素方法：start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(), start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags。七 CGI.pm中的form相關 1 start_form 和start_multipart_form print start_form(-method=>$method, -action=>$action, -enctype=>$encoding); <... various form stuff ...> print end_form; -or- print start_form($method,$action,$encoding); <... various form stuff ...> print end_form; 如果沒有指定method，action，enctype，預設地為： method: POST action: this script enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded for non-XHTML multipart/form-data for XHTML, see multipart/form-data below. 當使用start_form的時候，enctype為application/x-www-form-urlencoded，如果需要新式的xhtml，則需要使用start_multipart_form,此時enctype為multipart/form-data。

更多參考cgi man page： http://search.cpan.org/~markstos/CGI.pm-3.60/lib/CGI.pm

完！

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