【Python】debug工具-pdb(轉)

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Debug功能對於developer是非常重要的，python提供了相應的模組pdb讓你可以在用文字編輯器寫指令碼的情況下進行debug. pdb是python debugger的簡稱。

常用的一些命令如下：

 

命令	用途
break 或 b	設定斷點
continue 或 c	繼續執行程式
list 或 l	查看當前行的程式碼片段
step 或 s	進入函數
return 或 r	執行代碼直到從當前函數返回
exit 或 q	中止並退出
next 或 n	執行下一行
pp	列印變數的值
help	協助

 

開始介紹如何使用pdb。

使用的測試代碼1： epdb1.py

import pdb
a = "aaa"
pdb.set_trace()
b = "bbb"
c = "ccc"
final = a + b + c
print final
關於set_trace()
pdb.set_trace()¶

Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to hard-code abreakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not otherwisebeing debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).

1 開始調試：

 

[[email protected] ~]#  python epdb1.py
> /root/epdb1.py(4)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(5)?()
-> c = "ccc"
(Pdb)
> /root/epdb1.py(6)?()
-> final = a + b + c
(Pdb) list
  1     import pdb
  2     a = "aaa"
  3     pdb.set_trace()
  4     b = "bbb"
  5     c = "ccc"
  6  -> final = a + b + c
  7     print final
[EOF]
(Pdb)
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(7)?()
-> print final
(Pdb)

1. 使用n+enter表示執行當前的statement，在第一次按下了n+enter之後可以直接按enter表示重複執行上一條debug命令。

If you press ENTER without entering anything, pdb will re-execute the last command that you gave it.

1. quit或者q可以退出當前的debug，但是quit會以一種非常粗魯的方式退出程式，直接crash

[[email protected] ~]#  python epdb1.py
> /root/epdb1.py(4)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(5)?()
-> c = "ccc"
(Pdb) q
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "epdb1.py", line 5, in ?
    c = "ccc"
  File "epdb1.py", line 5, in ?
    c = "ccc"
  File "/usr/lib64/python2.4/bdb.py", line 48, in trace_dispatch
    return self.dispatch_line(frame)
  File "/usr/lib64/python2.4/bdb.py", line 67, in dispatch_line
    if self.quitting: raise BdbQuit
bdb.BdbQuit

• 在使用過程中列印變數的值，可以直接使用p加上變數名，但是需要注意的是列印僅僅在當前的statement已經被執行了之後才能看到具體的值，否則會報 NameError: <exceptions.NameError 。。> 錯誤。

[[email protected] ~]#  python epdb1.py
> /root/epdb1.py(4)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(5)?()
-> c = "ccc"
(Pdb) p b
‘bbb‘
(Pdb)
‘bbb‘
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(6)?()
-> final = a + b + c
(Pdb) p c
‘ccc‘
(Pdb) p final
*** NameError: <exceptions.NameError instance at 0x1551b710>
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(7)?()
-> print final
(Pdb) p final
‘aaabbbccc‘
(Pdb)

使用c可以停止當前的debug使得程式繼續執行。如果在下面的程式中繼續有set_statement()的申明，則又會重新進入到debug的狀態。
[[email protected] ~]#  python epdb1.py
> /root/epdb1.py(4)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb1.py(5)?()
-> c = "ccc"
(Pdb) c
aaabbbccc

可以在代碼print final之前再加上set_trace()驗證。

• 如果代碼過程，在debug的時候不一定能記住當前的代碼快，則可以通過使用list或者l命令在顯示。list會用箭頭->指向當前debug的語句

[[email protected]c-pok-idg-2255 ~]#  python epdb1.py
> /root/epdb1.py(4)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) list
  1     import pdb
  2     a = "aaa"
  3     pdb.set_trace()
  4  -> b = "bbb"
  5     c = "ccc"
  6     final = a + b + c
  7     pdb.set_trace()
  8     print final
[EOF]
(Pdb) c
> /root/epdb1.py(8)?()
-> print final
(Pdb) list
  3     pdb.set_trace()
  4     b = "bbb"
  5     c = "ccc"
  6     final = a + b + c
  7     pdb.set_trace()
  8  -> print final
[EOF]
(Pdb)

對於使用函數的情況下進行debug：

 

 epdb2.py --import pdbdef combine(s1,s2):      # define subroutine combine, which...    s3 = s1 + s2 + s1    # sandwiches s2 between copies of s1, ...    s3 = ‘"‘ + s3 +‘"‘   # encloses it in double quotes,...    return s3            # and returns it.a = "aaa"pdb.set_trace()b = "bbb"c = "ccc"final = combine(a,b)print final

如果直接使用n進行debug則到final=combine這句的時候會將其當做普通的指派陳述式處理，進入到print final。如果想要對函數進行debug如何處理？可以直接使用s進入函數塊。

 

[[email protected] ~]# python epdb2.py
> /root/epdb2.py(10)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(11)?()
-> c = "ccc"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(12)?()
-> final = combine(a,b)
(Pdb) s
--Call--
> /root/epdb2.py(3)combine()
-> def combine(s1,s2):      # define subroutine combine, which...
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(4)combine()
-> s3 = s1 + s2 + s1    # sandwiches s2 between copies of s1, ...
(Pdb) list
  1     import pdb
  2
  3     def combine(s1,s2):      # define subroutine combine, which...
  4  ->     s3 = s1 + s2 + s1    # sandwiches s2 between copies of s1, ...
  5         s3 = ‘"‘ + s3 +‘"‘   # encloses it in double quotes,...
  6         return s3            # and returns it.
  7
  8     a = "aaa"
  9     pdb.set_trace()
 10     b = "bbb"
 11     c = "ccc"
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(5)combine()
-> s3 = ‘"‘ + s3 +‘"‘   # encloses it in double quotes,...
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(6)combine()
-> return s3            # and returns it.
(Pdb) n
--Return--
> /root/epdb2.py(6)combine()->‘"aaabbbaaa"‘
-> return s3            # and returns it.
(Pdb) n
> /root/epdb2.py(13)?()
-> print final
(Pdb)

如果不想在函數裡單步調試可以在斷點出直接按r退出到調用的地方。

 

在調試的時候動態改變值 。注意下面有個錯誤，原因是b已經被賦值了，如果想重新改變b的賦值，則應該使用！b

[[email protected] ~]# python epdb2.py
> /root/epdb2.py(10)?()
-> b = "bbb"
(Pdb) var = "1234"
(Pdb) b = "avfe"
*** The specified object ‘= "avfe"‘ is not a function
or was not found along sys.path.
(Pdb) !b="afdfd"
(Pdb)

再貼一篇好文章：http://onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2005/09/01/debugger.html?page=1

 

Debugger Module Contents

 

The pdb module contains the debugger. pdb containsone class, Pdb, which inherits from bdb.Bdb. Thedebugger documentation mentions six functions, which create an interactivedebugging session:

pdb.run(statement[, globals[, locals]]) pdb.runeval(expression[, globals[, locals]]) pdb.runcall(function[, argument, ...]) pdb.set_trace() pdb.post_mortem(traceback) pdb.pm()

All six functions provide a slightly different mechanism for dropping a userinto the debugger.

pdb.run(statement[, globals[, locals]])

pdb.run() executes the string statement under thedebugger‘s control. Global and local dictionaries are optional parameters:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb def test_debugger(some_int): print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int if __name__ == "__main__": pdb.run("test_debugger(0)")

pdb.runeval(expression[,globals[, locals]])

pdb.runeval() is identical to pdb.run(), exceptthat pdb.runeval() returns the value of the evaluated stringexpression:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb def test_debugger(some_int): print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int if __name__ == "__main__": pdb.runeval("test_debugger(0)")

pdb.runcall(function[,argument, ...])

pdb.runcall() calls the specified function andpasses any specified arguments to it:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb def test_debugger(some_int): print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int if __name__ == "__main__": pdb.runcall(test_debugger, 0)

pdb.set_trace()

pdb.set_trace() drops the code into the debugger when executionhits it:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb def test_debugger(some_int): pdb.set_trace() print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int if __name__ == "__main__": test_debugger(0)

pdb.post_mortem(traceback)

pdb.post_mortem() performs postmortem debugging of thespecified traceback:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb def test_debugger(some_int): print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int if __name__ == "__main__": try: test_debugger(0) except: import sys tb = sys.exc_info()[2] pdb.post_mortem(tb)

pdb.pm()

pdb.pm() performs postmortem debugging of the tracebackcontained in sys.last_traceback:

#!/usr/bin/env python import pdb import sys def test_debugger(some_int): print "start some_int>>", some_int return_int = 10 / some_int print "end some_int>>", some_int return return_int def do_debugger(type, value, tb): pdb.pm() if __name__ == "__main__": sys.excepthook = do_debugger test_debugger(0)

【Python】debug工具-pdb(轉)