標籤:問題 有一個 串連 因此 執行個體化 reading password span log
單例模式
單例模式(Singleton Pattern)是一種常用的軟體設計模式,該模式的主要目的是確保某一個類只有一個執行個體存在。當你希望在整個系統中,某個類只能出現一個執行個體時,單例對象就能派上用場。
比如資料庫連接讀取設定檔,如果在程式運行期間,有很多地方都需要串連資料庫,很多地方都需要建立資料庫物件的執行個體,這就導致系統中存在多個 資料庫執行個體對象,而這樣會嚴重浪費記憶體資源,事實上,我們希望在程式運行期間只存在一個執行個體對象。
實現單例模式的5種方式模組方式
其實,Python 的模組就是天然的單例模式,因為模組在第一次匯入時,會產生 .pyc
檔案,當第二次匯入時,就會直接載入 .pyc
檔案,而不會再次執行模組代碼。
因此,我們只需把相關的函數和資料定義在一個模組中,就可以獲得一個單例對象了。如果我們真的想要一個單例類,可以考慮這樣做:
mysingleton.py
class Singleton(object): def foo(self): passsingleton = Singleton()
將上面的代碼儲存在檔案 mysingleton.py
中,要使用時,直接在其他檔案中匯入此檔案中的對象,這個對象即是單例模式的對象
from demo.my_singleton import singlesingle.foo()
使用裝飾器
def Singleton(cls): _instance = {} def _singleton(*args, **kargs): if cls not in _instance: _instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs) return _instance[cls] return _singleton@Singletonclass A(object): def __init__(self, x=0): self.x = xa1 = A(2)a2 = A(3)print(id(a1), id(a2))
使用類
class Singleton(object): __instance = None def __init__(self, x): self.x = x print(x) @classmethod def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not cls.__instance: cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs) return cls.__instance
如果遇到多線程會出現問題
import threadingclass Singleton(object): __instance = None def __init__(self, x): self.x = x import time time.sleep(1) # 加入幹擾元素,造成多線程出現問題 @classmethod def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not cls.__instance: cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs) return cls.__instanceimport threadingdef task(arg): obj = Singleton.my_singleton(arg) print(obj)for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,)) t.start()-------------------<__main__.Singleton object at 0x00000000025D76D8><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A208><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A1D0><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A438><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A630><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A828><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A978><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A748><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234AAC8>
解決方案:加鎖!未加鎖部分並發執行,加鎖部分串列執行,速度降低,但是保證了資料安全
import threadingclass Singleton(object): __instance = None __instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self, x): self.x = x import time time.sleep(1) # 加入幹擾元素,造成多線程出現問題 @classmethod def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs): with cls.__instance_lock: # 加鎖 if not cls.__instance: cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs) return cls.__instanceimport threadingdef task(arg): obj = Singleton.my_singleton(arg) print(obj)for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,)) t.start()----------------------<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
基於__new__方法實現(推薦使用)
當我們執行個體化一個對象時,是先執行了類的__new__方法(我們沒寫時,預設調用object.__new__),執行個體化對象;然後再執行類的__init__方法,對這個對象進行初始化。
import threadingclass Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self, x): self.x = x import time time.sleep(1) # 加入幹擾元素,造成多線程出現問題 def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, ‘_instance‘): with cls._instance_lock: # 加鎖 cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls) return cls._instanceimport threadingdef task(arg): obj = Singleton(arg) print(obj)for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,)) t.start()----------------<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60><__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
基於metaclass方式實現
1.類由type建立,建立類時,type的__init__方法自動執行,類() 執行type的 __call__方法(類的__new__方法,類的__init__方法)2.對象由類建立,建立對象時,類的__init__方法自動執行,對象()執行類的 __call__ 方法
實現單例
import threadingclass SingletonType(type): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic): super(SingletonType, self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, ‘_instance‘): with cls._instance_lock: # 加鎖 cls._instance = super(SingletonType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instanceclass my_singlton(metaclass=SingletonType): def __init__(self,x): self.x = ximport threadingdef task(arg): obj = my_singlton(arg) print(obj)for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,)) t.start()--------------------------<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60><__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
單例模式使用
import threadingclass SingletonDB(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self,host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, password=‘root‘, database=‘testdb‘, charset=‘utf8‘): self.host = host self.port = port self.password = password self.user = user self.database = database self.charset = charset def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(SingletonDB, "_instance"): with SingletonDB._instance_lock: if not hasattr(SingletonDB, "_instance"): SingletonDB._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) return SingletonDB._instance def connect(self): print(‘connect db‘)db1 = SingletonDB()db2 = SingletonDB()print(db1,db2)db1.connect()db2.connect()----------------<__main__.SingletonDB object at 0x00000000025E76D8> <__main__.SingletonDB object at 0x00000000025E76D8>connect dbconnect db
python 單例模式