the form of an assembly language section in curly brackets, for example: // _ ASM
_ ASM
{
MoV eax, 01 H // supports the annotation format of the Assembly Language
MoV dx, 0xd007; 0xd007 = d007h, supporting data expression in C/C ++
Out dx, eax
} It also has a single assembly language instruction form: // single _ ASM assembly instruction form _ ASM mov eax, 01 H
; # SCSI driver service file, PE export Hook method (Tutorial), so that the program continues to monitor the data read into the memory ##Xor bx, BX; #3. WindowsNT layer: ntldr is loaded to the memory. If it is not a SCSI hard disk, int13h is used for ntldr read Operations ##MoV SS, BX; # assign control to ntoskrnl (winnt kernel) after ntldr completes parameter configuration and protection mode switching )##MoV
byte in length, many other commands are 2 or 3 bytes in length. This is usually the case for a 16-bit architecture, where some commands may occupy 6 bytes or more memory.ARM Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M0 processor leverages ARM Thumb-2 technology that provides excellent code density. With Thumb-2 technology, the Cortex-M processor can support the fundamental foundation of 16-bit Thumb commands that have been extended to include more powerful 32-bit commands. In many cases, the C-language compiler use
change the point. 4. Implementation of pointers and references
We use the following simple code to drill down on pointers and references:
#include
using namespace Std;
int main (int argc, char** argv)
{
int i=1;
int ref=i;
int x=ref;
cout
ref=2;
int* p=i;
cout
}
The code above is compiled with g++ test.c and then disassembled objdump-d a.outto get a section of the assembly code for the main function as follows:
08048714 8048714:55 Push%EBP8048715:89 e5
. constant values), the x86 provides a flexible scheme For computing and referring to memory addresses:up to both of the 32-bit registers and a 32-bit signed constant can be ad Ded together to compute a memory address. One of the registers can is optionally pre-multiplied by 2, 4, or 8.
The addressing modes can be used with many x86 instructions (we'll describe them in the next section). Here we illustrate some examples using the MOV instruction that
11. assembly code Simple operation
The reason for using the assembly is simple, which is the efficient assembly code. When the machine starts, it takes advantage of the high efficiency of the Assembly, initializes the hardware, and provides the conditions for loading the kernel.
There are two types of ARM assembly directives commonly used today:*arm Standard assembly: for ARM company assembler, suitable for use under Windows platform.*GNU assembly: Used with the assembler in the GNU
1. In nasm, the custom segments are aligned by 4 bytes by default.
The manual says, "It is implemented by adding the 'align 'qualifier after the segment definition line. For example, section. data align = 16 switches to the segment '. data' and specifies that it must be aligned to the 16-byte boundary ." I also added align 16 to the custom segment and found that the compiled code is still aligned with 4 bytes. Very strange.
2. Let's talk about labels.
Check the following code (which can run nor
I know this is starting to look like a half-baked tutorial in assembly, but there's actually a reason behind my madness. Namely, solving as your problems as possible before switching to protectedMode etc. will lessen the confusion a great deal.
This example prints a string and the contents of a memory location (which is the first letter of the string in video memory ). it is meant to demonstrate printing to screen in text mode without using bios,As well as converting hex so it can be displayed -
2. Simple implementation of assembly code
The reason for using the assembly is simple, which is the efficient assembly code. When the machine starts, it takes advantage of the high efficiency of the Assembly, initializes the hardware, and provides the conditions for loading the kernel.
There are two types of ARM assembly directives commonly used today:*arm Standard assembly: for ARM company assembler, suitable for use under Windows platform.*GNU assembly: Used with the assembler in
purposes. In this case, we need to find another method.When I used to write a single-chip microcomputer program in assembly language, this problem was relatively easy to solve. For example, if we use a 12 MHz crystal oscillator 51 with a delay of 20 us, we can use the following code to meet the general needs:MoV r0, #09 hLoop: djnz r0, loopThe instruction period of 51 single-chip microcomputer is 1/12 of the crystal oscillator frequency, that is, 1 US cycle.
the quality of the high and low decision.
Inline assembly is passed in C + +
actually found the 500W data sorting results are as follows:
Algorithm name inline assembler algorithm time C + + algorithm time
Bubble sort 5W data slow to die 5W data slowly dying.
Quick sort 600ms about 500ms around
------------------Why there is a fast sorting algorithm, the compiled results are not as high as C/s + + efficiency, because I write inline assembly without compiler automatic generation of high efficien
permission of the system. This vulnerability improves the local execution permission and obtains the system execution level.Currently, most of the exploitation programs ring0 shellcode grant the system process token to the current process to obtain the system permission. The typical code is as follows:
If (osversioninfo. dwminorversion = 0 ){
_ ASM {
NOPNOPNOPNOPNOPNOP
MoV eax, 0xffdff124 // eax = kpcr (not 3G Mode)
The 'Welcome to masm' character string is displayed in the middle of the screen'
Assume Cs: codesg, DS: datasgdatasg segment dB 'Welcome to MASM! 'Datasg endscolor segment dB 00000010b; black green dB 00100100b; green red dB 01110001b; white blue color endsstack segment DW 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 stack endscodesg segment start: mov ax, stack mov SS, ax mov sp, 10 h
erasure period, the disconnection should be closed until the erasure is complete, and the interruption should be re-opened. During the erasure period, the interruption has been set to a flag, and the request will be immediately responded after the disconnection is enabled. Erased from FLASH: The erased operation can be started from flash or RAM. When the operation is started from flash, the flash controller controls the operation sequence, and the CPU operation is paused until the erasure ends
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