An excellent Linux study note sharing
(Excellent for Linux)
Linux directory Architecture
/Root directory
/Bin commonly used command binary file directory
/Boot stores the files that must be read when the system starts, including the core (kernel ).
/Boot/GRUB/menu. lst grub settings
/Boot/vmlinuz Kernel
/Boot/initrd core to extract the required RAM disk
/Dev system peripheral devices
/ETC system settings file
/Etc/dir_colors set color
/Etc/hostname: Set the node name of the user.
/Etc/networking only indicates yes indicating that the network exists
The/etc/host. conf file describes how your system queries node names.
/Etc/hosts: set the table for the user's own IP address and name
/Etc/hosts. Allow settings allow inetd machines to use
The/etc/hosts. Deny setting cannot be used by machines that use inetd.
/Etc/hosts. equiv
/Etc/inetd. conf: configure the system network daemon inetd.
/Etc/gateways
/Etc/protocols: Set the protocols supported by the system
/Etc/named. boot sets the local server as the name server configuration file
/Etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 set IP
/Etc/resolv. conf set DNS
The configuration file of/etc/X11 X Window, Xorg. conf or xf86config.
/Etc/fstab records the file system to be mounted upon startup
/Etc/inittab: Set the runlevel that the INIT process will set when the system starts.
/Etc/issue records information displayed before Logon
/Etc/group: Set the user's group name and related information
/Etc/passwd account information
/Etc/shadow password information
/Etc/sudoers can be the configuration file of the sudo command
/Etc/securetty to set which terminals can be logged on by the root user
/Etc/login. defs default configuration when all users log on
/Etc/exports: Used to set NFS
/Etc/init. d/The default intent dynamic scripts of all services are stored here, for example, to commit or close
/Etc/xinetd. d/This is the configuration directory of various services managed by super daemon.
Additional parameter settings for the/etc/modprobe. conf kernel module
/Etc/syslog. conf log setting file
/Home user's home directory
/Library used by the Lib System
/Lib/modules kernel related modules
/Var/lib/RPM kit installation
When the/lost + found system is abnormal, some lost fragments are stored in this directory.
/Mount point of MNT peripherals
/Media is similar to/mnt
/Opt additional software installed on the host
/Proc virtual directory, memory ing
/Proc/version kernel version
/Proc/sys/kernel system kernel function
/Root system administrator's home directory
/Sbin Command executed by the system administrator
/Srv the Data Directories required by these services after the services are released
/Tmp: A common user or a place where the program is being executed is temporarily placed in the file
/Usr maximum directory, storing applications and files
/Usr/x11r6: X-window directory
/Usr/src: Linux source code
/Usr/include: System header file
/Usr/openwin: store Sun's openwin
/Usr/man online user manual
Directory of the binary file that can be executed by/usr/bin users
/Usr/local/bin directory of the binary file that the user can execute
Function libraries used by the/usr/lib System
The function library used by the/usr/local/lib System
/Usr/sbin commands that can be executed by the system administrator
/Usr/local/sbin commands that can be executed by the system administrator
/Var Log File
/Var/log/secure records the files used to log on to the system for data access, such as POP3, ssh, telnet, and FTP.
/Var/log/wtmp record the information of the login user, last
/Var/log/messages error messages that occur almost systematically
/Var/log/boot. log records the dynamic or closed messages displayed when the system is started or when some services are paused.
/Var/log/maillog records user records for email access or exchange (Sendmail and POP3)
/Var/log/cron record crontab content of this routine service
/Var/log/httpd,/var/log/news,/var/log/mysqld. Log,/var/log/samba,/var/log/procmail. log:
These are the records of several different network services.
Some common basic commands:
Uname-a view kernel version
Ls-AL: Display Properties of all files
PWD displays the current path
CD-returns the last directory Cd ~ Returns the home directory.
Dates: set the time and date
Cal display calendar Cal 2006
BC Calculator
Man & info help manual
Locale displays all available fonts locale-A in the current font/etc/sysconfig/i18n setting file
Lang = en english font
Sync writes data synchronously to the hard disk
Shutdonw-H now & Half & poweroff Shutdown
Reboot restart
Startx & init5
/Work &? Work: Search for document content up and down
Chgrp changed the archive group chgrp testinginstall. Log
Chown changed its owner chown root: rootinstall. Log
Chmod change attribute chmod 777install. Log READ = 4 Write = 2 execute = 1
CP copy CP filename
Rm delete file Rm-RF filename force delete file
Rmdir Delete folder
MV mobile mv123.txt 222.txt rename
Create a folder using mkdir
Touch file creation update current time
Cat displays cat from the first line | more pages
NL adds a row number before the content
More & less side flip
Head-N filename: displays row N content
Tail-N filename: The last n rows of content displayed
Od display non-pure document
DF-H display partition Space
Du: displays the directory or file size.
Fdisk partition settings fdisk-L/dev/hda display hard disk partition status
Mkfs creates various file systems mkfs-T ext3/dev/ram15
Fsck checks and fixes Linux Files
Ln hard link ln-S software Link
Whereis SEARCH Command
Locate search
Find find/-name "***.***"
Which viewing tool
Whoami displays the current user
Gcc-V view GCC version
Chattr + I filename disable deletion of chattr-ifilename cancel prohibition
Lsattr show hidden attributes
Updatedb updates the database
Mke2fs format mkfs-T ext3
Dd If =/etc/passwdof =/tmp/passwd. Bak backup
Mount: list all partitions in the system.
Mount-T iso9660/dev/CDROM/mnt/CDROM mounting Disc
Mount-T vfat/dev/fd0/mnt/Floppy mount a floppy disk
Mount-T vfat-O iocharset = utf8, umask = 000/dev/hda2/mnt/hda2 mount the FAT32 Partition
Mount-t ntfs-o nls = utf8, umask = 000/dev/hda3/mnt/hda3 Mount NTFS partitions
Linux-NTFS project: http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/
Umount/mnt/hda3 volume
Ifconfig displays or sets network devices
Service Network restart Nic
Ifdown eth0 disable Nic
IFUP eth0 enable Nic
Clear Screen
History history! 55. Execute 55th commands
Stty terminal stty-
Fdisk/MBR Delete grub
At
Crontab: routinely executed command [e] edit, [l] display, [R] Delete task
& Background running program tar-zxvf 123.tar.gz & ---------> background running
View jobs in the background
FG transfers the background program to the foreground FG n ------> N is a number, you can specify the program
BG enables the work to run in the background
Kill End Process kill-9PID [9] force end, [15] Normal end, [l] list available kill Signals
PS aux viewing background programs
Top view background programs top-D2 update every two seconds top-D 2-p10604 watch a PID
Top-B-N 2>/tmp/top.txt -----> perform the top information twice and output the result to/tmp/top.txt.
Pstree uses the tree chart to display the program [a] connected with ASCII, [u] listing PID, [p] listing account
Killall to delete a service killall-9 httpd
Free Display memory status free-M --------> displayed in MB
Uptime displays the current system boot time
Netstat displays the network status netstat-tulnp ------> Find the network connection that is currently being monitored on the System and Its PID
Dmesg displays the boot information demsg | more
Nice sets priority nice-n-5 VI & -----> use root to give a nice implant as-5, used to execute vi
Renice adjusted priority
Runlevel displays the current runlevel
Depmod
Lsmod displays the modules loaded into the system
Modinfo displays information about the kernel module
Insmod loading Module
Modprobe automatically processes the load-able Module
Rmmod Delete Module
Check chkconfig and set various system services chkconfig -- list -----> to list various service statuses.
Ntsysv sets various services of the system
Cpio backup file
Compression command:
* Files compressed by the. Z compress program;
*. Files compressed by the bz2 Bzip2 program;
*. Files compressed by the GZ gzip program;
* The data packaged by the. Tar program has not been compressed;
* .Tar.gz tar package files, which are compressed by Gzip
Compress filename compressed file plus [-D] uncompress
Gzip filename compression plus [-D] decompress zcat 123.gz to view the compressed file content
Bzip2-Z filename compression plus [-D] unzip bzcatfilename.bz2 to view the compressed file content
Tar-CVF/home/123.tar/etc package without compression
Tar-xvf 123.tar unpacks
Tar-zxvf/home/123.tar.gz unzip with Gzip
Extract tar-jxvf/home/123.tar.bz2 with Bzip2
Tar-ztvf/tmp/etc.tar.gz view tar content
Cpio-covb> parts
Cpio-icduv <Restoration
