day02-Amin linux-file, directory Management

day02-Amin linux-file, directory Management

2.1 System directory Structure

    [[email protected] ~]# ls/bin Dev home lib64 mnt proc run SRV tmp var boot etc Lib Media  opt root sbin sys usryum install-y tree [[email protected] ~]# tree-l 1//├──bin  Usr/bin├──boot├──dev├──etc├──home├──lib, Usr/lib├──lib64, Usr/lib64├──media├──mnt├──opt├──proc├──root├──run├──sbin-    > Usr/sbin├──srv├──sys├──tmp├──usr└──var Common Command Storage directory/usr/bin/usr/sbin /bin/sbin/boot system boot related files Grub grub2 [[email protected] ~]# ls/boot config-3.10.0-693.el7.x 86_64 EFI Grub GRUB2 initramfs-0-rescue-8c52e199b0324c32b27d6a9e03982bde.img initramfs- 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64.img initramfs-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64kdump.img initrd-plymouth.img symvers-3.10.0      -693.el7.x86_64.gz  System.map-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 Vmlinuz-0-rescue-8c52e199b0324c32b27d6a9e03982bde Vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7. X86_64/dev device file storage Directory/etc system configuration file directory/home directory file system library file/lib/lib64ldd/bin/ls view the LS command dependent library file [[email&nbsp        ;p rotected] ~]# ls/home [[email protected] ~]# useradd user1 [[email protected] ~]# Ls/home User1

2.2 Under the System directory structure

/media  临时挂载目录，默认空的/mnt    临时挂载目录，默认空的/opt    默认空的/proc   系统进程，不占用磁盘空间，运行在内存中，默认空的/run    进程产生的临时文件，关机后会消失/srv    存一些服务产生的文件/sys    系统内核一些相关文件/tmp    系统临时文件目录/usr    系统用户会用到的一些命令/var    /var/log  系统日志常用目录/usr/bin  /usr/sbin  /bin  /sbin  /etc  /var/  /usr/local

2.3 ls Command

ls lh  -h人性化显示ls -i   -i显示inode信息ls -la   -a显示全部文件，.开头的文件是隐藏文件ls -lta   -t以时间排序ls -ld /root/  -d只显示root下的目录        [[email protected] ~]# ls -lih        总用量 8.0K        33580930 -rw-------. 2 root root 1.4K 2月  24 22:22 anaconda-ks.cfg        33580930 -rw-------. 2 root root 1.4K 2月  24 22:22 anaconda-ks.cfg.bak        inode  文件类型  权限 selinux开启 有硬链接 所有者 所属组 占用空间 日期  文件名称        [[email protected] ~]# which ls        alias ls=‘ls --color=auto‘            /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] ~]# which ll        alias ll=‘ls -l --color=auto‘            /usr/bin/ls

2.4 File types

d  目录-  普通文件  可以使用cat查看c  字符串设备l  软连接文件 ，相当于Windows快捷方式b  块设备s  soket文件，通信功能

2.5 alias Command aliases

    [[email protected] ~]# alias alias cp= ' Cp-i ' Alias egrep= ' Egrep--color=auto ' Alias fgrep= ' Fgrep--colo R=auto ' Alias grep= ' grep--color=auto ' Alias l.= ' ls-d. *--color=auto ' Alias ll= ' ls-l--color=auto ' Alias ls = ' ls--color=auto ' alias mv= ' mv-i ' Alias rm= ' rm-i ' Alias Which= ' Alias | /usr/bin/which--tty-only--read-alias--show-dot--show-tilde ' [[email protected] ~]# alias aming= ' Ls-lha ' [[  Email protected] ~]# aming total dosage 32K dr-xr-x---.    3 root root 202 February 25 09:27. Dr-xr-xr-x.    Root root 245 February 24 22:55..  -RW-------.  2 root root 1.4K February 22:22 anaconda-ks.cfg-rw-------.  2 root root 1.4K February 22:22 anaconda-ks.cfg.bak lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root 15 February 09:27 Anaconda-ks.cfg.rbak-ANACONDA-KS.CFG-RW-------.  1 root root 2.5K February 09:50. Bash_history-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 18 December bash_logout-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 176 December bash_profile-rw-r--r--. 1 Root root 176 December bashrc-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 100 December cshrc drwx------.  2 root root 80 February 00:40. Ssh-rw-r--r--.    1 root root 129 December TCSHRC [[email protected] ~]# unalias aming [[email protected] ~]# aming -bash:aming: Command not found

2.6 Absolute and relative paths

绝对路径：从根开始的    ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33    ls /root/.ssh/相对路径：相对于当前路径开始的路径    ls .ssh/authorized_keys    ls network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33pwd  查看当前路径

2.7 CD command

-  返回上一次打开的目录~  返回家目录 或 直接cd 功能一样.  当前目录.. 返回上级目录

2.8 Creating and deleting directories mkdir rmdir

mkdir    -p 递归创建目录    -v 显示过程    mkdir -p /tmp/aming/123rmdir  删除非空目录

2.9 rm command, use with caution

-r 连续多级文件夹删除-f 强制，直接删除不提示-v 显示过程    rm -rf /tmp/aming/123    [[email protected] ~]# which rm    alias rm=‘rm -i‘        /usr/bin/rm

2.10 environment variable PATH

    [[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin添加环境变量    [[email protected] ~]# PATH=$PATH:/tmp/    [[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/tmp/改回默认环境变量    [[email protected] ~]# PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin    [[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

2.11 CP Copy

-r 递归复制目录     复制目录过程中，目标路径存在相同名称的目录，直接覆盖，不存在则自动创建这个名称的目录        [[email protected] ~]# cp /etc/passwd /tmp/1.txt        [[email protected] ~]# cp -r /etc/passwd/ /tmp/aming/        [[email protected] ~]# ls /tmp        1.txt        aming!$ 上一条命令的，最后一个参数        [[email protected] ~]# tree !$        tree /tmp        /tmp        ├── 1.txt        ├── aming    [[email protected] ~]# which cp    alias cp=‘cp -i‘        /usr/bin/cp

2.12 MV Move

移动并改名    mv 目标文件 新文件名称    mv 目标目录 新目录名称移动到目标文件到目标目录    mv 目标文件 目标目录

2.13 Document View cat more less head tail

cat 目标文件    -A  行尾显示结束符    -n  显示行号tac 目标文件，倒序查看more 多屏显示less 查看文件时，可以上下滚动浏览head 查看文件的头十行     head -n 20tail 查看文件的后十行     tail -n 5     tail -f /var/log/messages  动态显示日志

2.14 chmod modify file or directory permissions

-R recursively Change permissions for all directories and files within a folder

rwxr=4  w=2  x=1chmod 700 2.txtchmod u=rwx,g=r,o=r 2.txtchmod a+x 2.txtchmod ugo-x 2.txt

2.15 Chown Change owner and owning group

chown -R username:group filename-R 递归更改文件夹内所有目录和文件的所属        [[email protected] tmp]# chown aming /tmp/yum.log         [[email protected] tmp]# ll /tmp/yum.log         -rw-------. 1 aming root 0 2月  24 22:17 /tmp/yum.log        [[email protected] tmp]# chgrp user1 /tmp/yum.log         [[email protected] tmp]# ll /tmp/yum.log         -rw-------. 1 aming user1 0 2月  24 22:17 /tmp/yum.log        [[email protected] tmp]# chown user1:aming /tmp/yum.log         [[email protected] tmp]# ll /tmp/yum.log         -rw-------. 1 user1 aming 0 2月  24 22:17 /tmp/yum.log

2.16 Umask

创建文件默认权限 644创建目录默认权限 755    [[email protected] tmp]# umask    0022022 644 755002 664 775目录  777 - 022 = 755文件  666 - 022 = 644   遇到奇数+1

2.17 lsattr chattr Hidden permissions

chattr  设置隐藏权限    +i 不允许对文件进行任何操作，可以更改目录内文件的内容    +a 可以对文件进行追加内容和修改时间，不能更改名字、删除、更改原有内容       可以对目录和目录里的文件进行修改内容和修改时间，不能更改目录名字、删除，可更改目录里内容        [[email protected] tmp]# chattr +i 1.txt        [[email protected] tmp]# lsattr 1.txt        ----i----------- 1.txt        [[email protected] tmp]# mv 1.txt 3.txt        mv: 无法将"1.txt" 移动至"3.txt": 不允许的操作        [[email protected] tmp]# chattr -i 1.txt        [[email protected] tmp]# mv 1.txt 3.txt

2.18 Special permissions Set UID

普通用户在执行带S权限的这个命令时，临时获得root的权限执行命令        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /usr/bin/passwd        -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 27832 6月  10 2014 /usr/bin/passwd        [[email protected] ~]$ ls /root/        ls: 无法打开目录/root/: 权限不够        [[email protected] tmp]# chmod u+s /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /usr/bin/ls        -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 117656 11月  6 2016 /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] ~]$ ls /root/        anaconda-ks.cfg  anaconda-ks.cfg.bak  anaconda-ks.cfg.rbak        [[email protected] tmp]# chmod u=rws /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /usr/bin/ls        -rwSr-xr-x. 1 root root 117656 11月  6 2016 /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# chmod u+x /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /usr/bin/ls        -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 117656 11月  6 2016 /usr/bin/ls

2.19 Set GID

普通用户临时拥有所属组的权限，目录的所属组设置了S权限后，在这个目录下创建的子文件或子目录所属组和该目录的所属组相同        [[email protected] tmp]# chmod g+s /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /usr/bin/ls        -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root root 117656 11月  6 2016 /usr/bin/ls        [[email protected] tmp]# mkdir 234        [[email protected] tmp]# chmod g+s 234        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -ld 234        drwxr-sr-x. 2 root root 6 2月  25 20:42 234        [[email protected] tmp]# chown :user1 234        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -ld 234        drwxr-sr-x. 2 root user1 6 2月  25 20:42 234        [[email protected] tmp]# touch 234/aminglinux        [[email protected] tmp]# mkdir 234/am        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l 234/        总用量 0        drwxr-sr-x. 2 root user1 6 2月  25 20:44 am        -rw-r--r--. 1 root user1 0 2月  25 20:44 aminglinux

2.20 Special Permissions Stick_bit

chmod o+t /tmp/aming带t特殊权限的目录，防止别人删除该目录里的文件        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -ld /tmp/        drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 2月  25 20:42 /tmp/

2.21 Soft Connection files

ln -s 源filename 目标filename ln -s 源dir  目标dir        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /bin        lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 2月  24 22:18 /bin -> usr/bin软连接：节省空间,尽量使用绝对路径，源文件改名或者路径改名，会找不到，通过软链接，可以把文件占用空间转移到其他分区，inode不同        [[email protected] tmp]# ln -s /tmp/yum.log /root/yum.txt        [[email protected] tmp]# ls -l /root/        总用量 8        lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   12 2月  25 21:06 yum.txt -> /tmp/yum.log

2.22 Hard Links

ln source filename, target filename

The inode is the same, the directory cannot be hard-linked, hard links cannot be created across partitions, and the file itself exists after the source file is deleted

    [[email protected] tmp]# ln 2.txt 5.txt    [[email protected] tmp]# ls -lih    总用量 12K    16784510 -rw-------. 2 root  root    0 2月  25 19:25 2.txt    17377740 -rw-r--r--. 1 root  root  887 2月  25 18:21 3.txt    16784510 -rw-------. 2 root  root    0 2月  25 19:25 5.txt

2.23-24-25 Find

    Which search in environment variables Whereis search for a library, not all locate yum install mlocate, updatedb Update library-name-type f\d\l\b\s\c-atime last access time Access-mtime Most recent change time Modify changed the contents of the file, Mtime and CTime will certainly edge-ctime Recent changes change the file permissions CTime change, mtime unchanged-o or, rarely used-mmin-60 minutes        -size +size [[email protected] tmp]# find/dev-type b/dev/sr0/dev/sda3/dev/sda2 /DEV/SDA1/DEV/SDA [[email protected] tmp]# find/etc/-type f-mtime-1 within 1 days [[EMAIL PR        Otected] tmp]# find/etc/-type f-mtime +1 1 days ago [[email protected] tmp]# find/etc/-type f-o-mtime-1        [[email protected] tmp]# find/root/-type f-mmin-120-exec ls-l {} \;        [[email protected] tmp]# find/root/-type f-mmin-150-exec mv {} {}.bak \; [[email protected] tmp]# find/root/-type f-mmin-150/root/.lesshst.bak [[email protected] tmp]        # find/root/-type f-size-50k-exec ls-lh {} \; -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 12Moon 2013/root/.bash_logout-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 December 2013/root/.bash_profile-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 December 2013/root/.bashrc-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 December 2013/root/.cshrc-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 129 December 2013/ROOT/.TCSHRC [[email protected] tmp]# find/root/-type f-size +1k-exec LS-LH        {} \; -RW-------. 2 root root 1.4K February 22:22/root/anaconda-ks.cfg-rw-------. 1 root root 2.5K February 09:50/root/.bash_history-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.3K February 00:17/root/.ssh/authorized_keys-rw-------. 1 root root 1.7K February 00:34/root/.ssh/id_rsa-rw-------. 2 root root 1.4K February 22:22/root/anaconda-ks.cfg.bak

2.26 file name suffix

2.27 Linux and Windows inter-pass files

[[email protected] tmp]# yum install -y lrzszsz filename   linux文件传输到Windowsrz 选择文件     Windows文件传输到linux

day02-Amin linux-file, directory Management