Linux basic Commands (i)

The birth of Unix, January 1, 1970

User--------> Kernel-------"Hardware

The name/version of the release is determined by the issuer

–red Hat Enterprise Linux 5/6/7

–suse Linux Enterprise 12

–debian Linux 7.8

–ubuntu Linux 14.10/15.04

is a complete Linux system

–linux Core + various peripheral software

CentOS, community Enterprise operating system

File system: The rules for grouping data in a spatial arrangement

Traditional MBR Partitioning mode

–1~4 a primary partition

–0~3 Primary partition + one extended partition (n logical partitions)

Precautions

–MBR partition table can only record 4 primary partitions, number range 1-4

– When it is necessary to use more than 4 partitions, you need to set up an extended partition (

Primary partition number), the extended partition can have up to 1

– Extended partition as a container of intermediate properties, from which it is again divided

The partition space is a logical partition

Typical file system types

–EXT4, fourth generation extended file system, RHEL6 series default

–XFS, advanced log file system, RHEL7 series default

–swap, swap space (virtual memory)

Directory structure

Root directory/: All data is stored in this directory (starting point of Linux system)

/dev: Store device files

/dev/abc/1.txt

Partition representation

HD, indicating IDE device

SD, indicating SCSI device

/dev/sda5

Ctrl+alt: Mouse out now real machine

After the installation of the RHEL7 system is completed, the initial setup is required for the first boot.

When prompted to view protocol information or create a user, enter 1 and return.

Next enter 2 and enter to indicate acceptance of the license agreement.

Input two times C means continue, press ENTER will enter the Welcome screen.

Click "unlisted"---------> Login with "root" system

RHEL7 Basic Operation

Virtual Console Toggle (Ctrl + Alt + Fn key combination)

–tty1: Graphical Desktop

–TTY2~TTY6: Character Console

Right-click "Open in Terminal"

Meaning of the command-line prompt identification

–[Current user @ Host name Current Location]$

– If the current user is root, the last character is #

[[Email protected] Desktop]#

– Otherwise, the last character is $

[[Email protected] Desktop]$

Instructions for viewing a text file: Cat

Viewing the system version

[[Email protected] Desktop]# cat/etc/redhat-release

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Release 7.2 (MAIPO)

[Email protected] Desktop]# hostname #查看当前主机名

Blue: Directory

Black: Text File

Red: Compress Package

Green: Programs that can be executed

View and switch directories

Pwd-print Working Directory

– Purpose: View current working directory

Cd-change Directory

– Purpose: Switch working directory

– Format: CD [Destination folder location]

Ls-list

– Format: ls [options] ... [directory or filename] ...

[Email protected] Desktop]# pwd #显示当前所在位置

[Email protected] Desktop]# cd/#切换路径

[Email protected]/]# pwd #显示当前所在位置

[[email protected]/]# ls

[[email protected]/]# ls/root #查看/root Directory contents

[Email protected]/]# Ls/boot

[Email protected]/]# Ls/root/boot

[Email protected]/]# Ls/dev

Output information hint: command not found

Reason:

1. Wrong order

2. The command is not installed

Command-Complete format

Command Word option parameter

Cat-n/etc/passwd

.. Represents the parent directory

[Email protected]/]# CD.

Absolute path with/start

Relative path with current reference (no/start path)

[Email protected]/]# Cd/etc/pki

[Email protected] pki]# pwd

[[email protected] pki]# ls

[Email protected] pki]# Cd/etc/pki/ca #绝对路径

[Email protected] ca]# pwd

[Email protected] ca]# CD.

[Email protected] pki]# CD CA #相对路径

[Email protected] ca]# pwd

[Email protected]/]# cat-n/etc/redhat-release

[Email protected]/]# cat-n/etc/passwd

List kernel versions

[[Email protected] Desktop]# uname-r

3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64

Temporarily set the IP address

[[Email protected] Desktop]# ifconfig

[Email protected] Desktop]# ifconfig eth0

[Email protected] Desktop]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.168

[Email protected] Desktop]# ifconfig eth0

Ls-list

– Format: ls [options] ... [directory or filename] ...

Common Command Options

–-l: Display in long format (displays detailed properties of directory contents)

List CPU Processor information

[[Email protected] Desktop]# LSCPU

[[Email protected] Desktop]# cat/proc/cpuinfo

Check memory size, idle condition

[[Email protected] Desktop]# cat/proc/meminfo

[Email protected] Desktop]# ls-l/root

[Email protected] Desktop]# ls-l/boot

[[Email protected] Desktop]# ls-l/home

[Email protected] Desktop]# LS-L/tmp

[Email protected] Desktop]# ls-l/opt

Shutdown: Poweroff

[Email protected] ~]# Poweroff

Restart: reboot

[email protected] ~]# reboot

Add:

Fill key: Tab

[[email protected] ~]# IFCO (tab)

[[Email protected] ~]# if (two tabs in a row)

# Cat/et (tab)/red (tab)-R (tab)

# Ls/et (tab)/sysco (tab)/NETW (tab)-(tab)/IFC (tab)-E (tab)

View Text file contents

Cat: Small File

Less: Large files Press Q to exit

View text File part content

Head-3/etc/passwd #显示头多少行

Tail-4/etc/passwd #显示尾多少行

head-12/etc/passwd

Tail-6/etc/passwd

LESS/ETC/PASSWD #按键盘上下键, can be scrolled

Find from text file contents, line containing the specified string

grep ' string ' text file path

grep ' Root '/etc/passwd

grep ' bin '/etc/passwd

grep ' bash '/etc/passwd

grep ' Hahaxixi '/etc/passwd

mkdir: Creating a Directory

Touch: Create a file

CTRL + C: End a running program or instruction

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Linux basic Commands (i)