Preparation in advance: 1. add a hard disk (IDE or SCSI) to the VM. 2. partition the disk using fdisk. # fdisk-l purpose: check the name of the newly added hard disk/dev/sdb # fdisk/dev/sdbCommond: mCommond: nE: P: p -------- the hard disk capacity is relatively large, 1 ------- the first primary partition...
Preparation in advance:
1. add hard disks (IDE and SCSI) to virtual machines)
2. fdisk partitioning
# Fdisk-l
Objective: To view the name of the newly added hard disk/dev/sdb
# Fdisk/dev/sdb
Commond: m
Commond: n
E:
P: p -------- hard disk capacity is relatively large,
1 ------- the first primary partition
1 ---- start position
+ 500 M
Commond: w
# Fdisk-l
/Dev/sdb1
3. format mkfs
Select a file system: Rules for standardizing data storage
NTFS FAT16 FAT32 ....
EXT2 EXT3 EXT4 SWAP ....
Install multiple operating systems on one PC without using virtual machines)
Install linux on partition (E) and run in a windows environment. The E drive is invisible.
F ------- E it is recommended to install the last partition whenever possible.
# Mkfs-t ext3/dev/sdb1
Or
# Mkfs. ext3/dev/sdb1
After the above three steps
Now the hard disk can be used.
Optical disks, USB flash disks, hard disks, and other external devices
Supplement: Backup
Store important directories to external devices at intervals
Important:/etc/boot
Category: cp tar cpio dump dd (for example, MBR of hard disk)
Full Backup: save the entire directory again each time
Incremental Backup: saves the directory part (changed) each time
Hard disk tape
Note: external devices cannot be used directly.
Mount ---- map external devices into a directory of the system
Manually create this directory # mkdir zhy
4. Mount
1) permanent mounting
# Vi/etc/fstab
The system starts automatically once.
Often used on external devices
2) temporary mounting
# Mount-t ext3 external device name mount point
# Mount/dev/sdb1/mnt/u_po
-O option defaults usrquota maid .......
# Man mount
The parameter corresponds to the/etc/fstab field.
# Cd/mnt/u_po
You must exit the current environment before detaching an external device.
# Cd ..
The first method indicates detaching an external device.
# Umount/dev/sdb1
Or detach a mount point.
# Umount/mnt/u_po
# Mount-text3-o defaults, usrquota, kgquota/dev/sdb1/var/zhy
Or
# Vi/etc/fstab
/Dev/sdb1/var/zhy ext3 defaults, usrquota, kgquota 1 1
: Wq
Restart the system
Or
# Mount-o remount/var/zhy
5. set the quota
Generate a quota file
Aquota. user ----- restrict users
Aquota. group --- restrict groups
Group1 ---- zhs lisi
5 3 3
# Cd/var/zhy
# Man quotacheck
# Quotacheck-cvuga
Purpose: to check the quota usage of the current device and generate a configuration file
Enable the quota function
# Man quotaon
# Quotaon-avgu
Zhy] # ls
Aquota. usr
Aquota. group
Lost + found
# Useradd zhy
# Passwd zhy
Zhy4: x: 504: zhy1, zhy2, zhy3
# Edquota-u zhy
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/Dev/sdb1 0 100 200 0 4 8
Filesystem: specifies the name of an external device.
Blocks: The first method (B M k) limits the space size.
Soft: Soft limit ---- 3 M will be reminded when the limit is exceeded
Hard: Hard limit-cannot exceed
Innode: number of node files)
Soft: eight Soft limits
Hard: limits
# Quotaoff-avug
# Quotaon-avug
# Su zhy1
$ Cd/var/zhy
$ Touch file1 file2 file34 fiel4
$ Touch file5
Warning: soft limits
$ Touch file6file7 fiel8
$ Touch file09
Error: Restrictions
From zl943588435