[C language exploration journey] Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 2: Variable Declaration of the world of variables Chapter 2

[C language exploration journey] Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 2: Variable Declaration of the world of variables Chapter 2

Introduction

1. Course outline

2. Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 2: Variable Declaration of the world of Variables

3. Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 3 Notice: DISPLAY variable content in the world of Variables

Course outline

Our courses are divided into four parts. Each part has exercise questions after completion and answers will be published. Three games will also be written in C language.

Basic knowledge of C Programming

• What is programming?

• To do their best, you must first sharpen your tools.

• Your first program

• World of Variables

• Operator

• Conditional expressions

• Loop statement

• Practice: The first C games

• Function

• Exercise questions

• Exercise: Perfect the first C games

C Advanced Technology

• Modular programming

• Attack pointer, C trump card

• Array

• String

• Preprocessing

• Create your own variable type

• File read/write

• Dynamic Allocation

• Practice: "hanging villain" games

• Secure text input

• Exercise questions

• Exercise: Explain the pointer in your own language
  

Develop 2D games with C language-based SDL Library

• Install SDL

• Create a window and canvas

• Show images

• Event Processing

• Practice: "Super Mary pushes boxes" games

• Time usage

• Use SDL_ttf to edit text

• Use FMOD to control sound

• Practice: Visual Sound line

• Exercise questions
  

Data Structure

• Linked List

• Heap, stack, and queue

• Hash table

• Exercise questions
  

Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 1: Variable Declaration of the world of Variables

In the last lesson, we learned about memory in the variable world. Believe me, the last lesson is definitely useful for memory exploration. In this lesson, we will learn the declaration of variables.

What is a variable?

Simply put, a variable is a small piece of information temporarily stored in the memory.

Why is it called a Variable? The English language of the Variable is Variable, and the adjective is "Variable, easy to change". So the Variable is the amount of value that can be changed during the program running.

You will see that the program we write is often filled with variables.

In C language (as in most languages), a variable has two parts:

• Variable value: the value stored in the variable, such as 5

• Variable name: used to identify a variable. If you are a friend who has learned to worry about using the memory address value as a variable, do not worry. In C, we do not use the address value as the variable name, we only need to give it a name. The compiler will convert the name to the memory address value. Is it just a sigh of relief?

Name the variable

In C, each variable must have a name. We can't just get a name, but also observe some restrictions:

• Only uppercase/lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores (_) are allowed.

• Must start with a letter

The following are some correct variable names:

Dog, cat_and_mouse, Catch_1_mouSe, hao123COM

Note that the C language is case sensitive. Therefore, hello and Hello are two different variable names.

Every programmer has the habit of naming variables. Let me talk about the variable naming habits of this course:

• Variable names all start with lowercase letters

• If the variable name is composed of several words, the first letter of the first word is in lowercase, and the first letter of other words is in uppercase.

I hope that you can maintain consistent naming conventions in subsequent exercise questions as much as possible (in fact, this is a general naming method ).

When naming a variable, try to make it clear and easy to understand. If I abbreviated a variable petName (pet name) as pN, although it is short and concise, the person who reads the Code cannot guess what it means. We should try our best to ensure that the code can be "self-Annotated". That is to say, simply looking at the variable name, we can know the purpose of the variable, and many times we can omit the annotation.

Variable type

Our computer brother is actually a stupid machine. He only knows the computation and can only process numbers.

However, there are many types of numbers in the C language:

• Positive integers, such as, and

• Contains a positive number of decimal points, such as 3.14159, 27.62, 80.19732

• Negative integers, such as-7,-999,-4321

• There is a negative number containing the decimal point, such as-6.753,-78.46,-5641.73

Why are there so many messy types? Poor computer guy needs help.

Therefore, when you want your computer to store a number, you need to provide the type. It does not mean that computers cannot be distinguished, but that they can be better planned for computers and not to occupy excess memory.

Therefore, in C language, when we declare a variable, the variable type must be given.

The following table lists the main types.

Type name	Minimum value	Maximum Value
signed char	-127	127
int	-32 767	32 767
long	-2 147 483 647	2 147 483 647
float	-1x1037.	1x1037
double	-1x1037.	1x1037

The data listed above is the minimum value range guaranteed by the C language. Of course, you can declare a variable with a larger scope.

However, it is better to remember the values in the above table to help you select the variable type correctly.

Of course, there are other variable types in C language. The above table only lists commonly used variables.

All the variable types in C language are given below:

The first three types (signed char, int, long) in the preceding table are used to declare integers. For example, 6, 74, 8931, etc.

The latter two types (float and double) are used to declare floating point numbers (including the number of decimal points ). For example: 7.64, 61.467, etc.

In the subsequent courses, you will see that integers are used the most, because they are easy to use.

There are other types.

Let's talk about the difference between signed and unsigned: signed is signed, that is, the first positive or negative sign (positive or negative), such as 7,-5, 9.2,-23.8, and so on. Unsigned is an unsigned number. It can only be a positive number, such as 35, 7461, 61.789, and so on.

Therefore, signed int Is a signed integer and unsigned int Is an unsigned integer. And so on.

Put signed and unsigned in front of int, long, char, float, double, and other types.

unsigned char	0 à 255
unsigned int	0*65 535
unsigned long	0 à 4 294 967 295

In the above table, we can see that the unsigned type cannot store negative numbers, but the advantage of the signed type is that it can store twice the maximum value of the signed type. For example, the maximum value of signed char is 127, the maximum value of unsigned char is 255.

Why are three types of integers listed in the previous table: char, int, and long? Is it not enough?

Yes. The objective of creating multiple integer types in C language is to save memory. If we declare a char variable, the memory space used by the computer will be smaller than that of the int type.

Of course, in the age when the memory was very limited (ah, Yao Xiang Gong Jin, Xiao Qiao married...), multiple integer types were very useful. Today, our computer has a considerable amount of memory (all the way, a few character stream, but also look at the present), and generally no longer need to declare variables.

Make a summary:

• For integers, int is generally used.

• For floating point numbers, double is generally used.

Declare Variables

After so many preparations, we finally reached the topic of this chapter. Now, create a new console project named Variable.

Let's learn how to declare variables, that is, to request the computer to allocate some memory space for us to use.

Declaring variables is actually very simple. You should know how to do it. You only need to follow the following sequence:

1. Write the type of the variable we want to create

2. Kong Ge

3. Write your name for the variable

4. Finally, do not forget to add a semicolon

For example, I can declare some variables like this.

Int growthOfEconomy;

Double averageSalary;

Unsigned int numberOfDogs

The above is called a variable declaration. Remember this term. You should declare the variable at the beginning of the function. Now that we only have one function: main function, we declare a variable as follows:

# Include <stdio. h>

# Include <stdlib. h>

Int main (int argc, char * argv [])

{

Int numberOfDogs;

Return 0;

}

If you run the above program, you will be surprised to find that this program seems to have nothing to do.

Some explanations

Well, before you accuse me of deceiving you, let me justify it:

In fact, this program does something, but you can't see it. When the program reads the variable declaration line, it politely asks the computer if it can use some memory space.

If everything goes well, the computer will answer "okay, no problem. Take some memory space ". In general, it will go smoothly. Therefore, your variables are generally created (unless the memory is insufficient, but this rarely happens, because you only need to allocate an int space, and there is very little space.

A small "trick": If you have several variables of the same type to declare, there is no need to write a row for each variable declaration, you can write them on one line, for example:

Int numberOfDogs, numberOfCats, numberOfMouses;

Three int-type variables are declared at the same time: numberOfDogs, numberOfCats, and numberOfMouses.

What then?

Now that we have declared the variable, we can assign a value to the variable.

Nothing is simpler than this. If you want to assign values to the numberOfDogs variable

NumberOfDogs = 7;

You don't have to do anything else. Enter the variable name, an equal sign, and the value you want to give it.

Above, we just assigned 7 to numberOfDogs (number of dogs ).

Therefore, our complete program is now like this:

# Include <stdio. h>

# Include <stdlib. h>

Int main (int argc, char * argv [])

{

Int numberOfDogs;

NumberOfDogs = 7; // There are seven dogs

Return 0;

}

If you run it this time, nothing will happen and nothing will be displayed on the screen. But in fact, everything is quietly in the memory, but you can't see it.

Somewhere in the depths of your computer, a small block of memory has just stored the value 7. Is it amazing?

We can try to change the value of the variable, such:

Int numberOfDogs;

NumberOfDogs = 7;

NumberOfDogs = 6;

NumberOfDogs = 5;

In the preceding example, the int type numberOfDogs variable is first assigned 7, then changed to 6, and then to 5. Because your computer's computation speed is too fast, this series of operations are completed in an instant. Before blinking, the value of your variable numberOfDogs changes from 7 to 6 and then to 5.

New variable value

Now let's look at a very important question:

What is the initial value of a variable when we declare it?

In fact, when the computer reads this line:

Int numberOfDogs;

First, it takes a small block in the memory for numberOfDogs. But what is the value of numberOfDogs? Is there a default value (for example, 0?

The answer is: no.

No default value. In fact, numberOfDogs is given to this small area of memory, but the above value has not changed, and we have not cleared the original value on this small area of memory. Therefore, the initial value of your variable numberOfDogs is the value in that small memory. This value can be arbitrary.

If the memory value has not changed before, it may be 0.

You are not sure. The initial value may be 45 or 182, because a program may have changed the value on that address.

So be careful. The best solution is to assign an initial value to the variable when you declare it:

Int numberOfDogs = 7;

Here, the int variable numberOfDogs is declared and immediately assigned to 7.

The advantage is that you can determine the value of this variable, instead of any number.

Const keyword

Sometimes we want to use a variable, and we want its value to remain unchanged in the program. That is to say, once declared, you want your variable to keep its initial value, and no one can change it.

This special variable is called a constant (constant, unchanged) variable and is modified by the const keyword.

Some books say that const modifies constants and is inaccurate. The const modifier is a variable, but a read-only variable, because after the const is added, the value cannot be changed.

How to declare a constant variable? Simple:

You only need to place the const keyword before the type of your variable (which can be placed later). In addition, when declaring the constant variable, you must assign the initial value to it!

For example:

Const int NOMBBER_OF_DOGS = 7;

The name of the const variable must not be capitalized, but is generally capitalized.

Except that the value cannot be changed, the const variable is the same as the general variable. However, if you want to change the value of the const variable in a later program, the compiler will prompt an error, for example:

[Warning] assignment of read-only variable 'nombber _ OF_DOGS'

(Warning: try to change the value of the read-only variable NOMBBER_OF_DOGS)

Part 1 Lesson 4 Chapter 2 Notice: DISPLAY variable content in the world of Variables

Today's class is here. Come on together.

In the next lesson, we will continue to explore the fantastic world of C language variables.

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