Some basic issues in Linux (required for Beginners)

Article Title: some basic questions about Linux usage (required for beginners ). Linux is a technology channel of the IT lab in China. Includes basic categories such as desktop applications, Linux system management, kernel research, embedded systems, and open source.
Beginner A: how to access windows partitions in linux.
# Mkdir/mnt/win
Create a load point directory win, and the load point directories like cdrom and floppy are all under/mnt.
# Mount-t vfat/dev/hda? /Mnt/win
/Dev/hda? Available # fdisk-l view the corresponding windows
Partition to mount.
-T
The partition format is provided.
-O
To display the Chinese file name correctly, use the-o iocharset = cp936 option.
The/etc/fstab file is a file system loaded by linux at startup. you can also write it in:
E.g.
/Dev/hda? /Mnt/win vfat defaults, iocharset = cp936 0 0
　　
B has a row of id: 5: initdefault in the/etc/inittab file.
5: log on as a graph.
3: log in as text.
For more detailed explanations, read this file.
　　
C. You can use the Xconfigurator command to configure the X window and change the resolution .. the setup command also has many system configuration options. (shortcut keys: ctrl + alt + "+" and ctrl + alt + "-")
　　
D. you can use the switchdesktop command to switch the WM window manager.
# Switchdesk gnome OR # switchdesk kde, which can be used on the virtual terminal in X # switchdesk selected in the graphic interface.
Another way is to create the. xinitrc file in your $ HOME (# echo $ HOME) directory.
# Cd
# Vi. xinitrc
Exec gnome-session
　　
: X
Press esc and enter ": x" to save and exit.
　　
Run the tar xjvf filename.tar.bz2 command to unbind the file.
The general installation method of the tar.gz package is as follows:
# Cd/tmp
# Tar xvzf.../file.tar.gz
# Cd file
#./Configure
# Make
# Make install
For details, see its Readme or INSTALL.
Use rpm-ivh file. rpm to install rpm packages. -E uninstall.
Upgrade with the-Uvh option. -The FVL is updated. only the old version of rpm is available in the system. -The Uvh option is installed regardless of whether there is an earlier version in the system.
The-q option is used for query, and The-V option is the verification option, which can be used in combination with the following options:
-L list the installation files.
-I software package information.
-P software package.
-F file.
-D: list document files.
For example:
Rpm-q mozilla; rpm-ql mozilla; rpm-qi mozilla
Rpm-qpl mozilla... rpm; rpm-qpi mozilla... rpm
Make sure that the current directory contains mozilla... rpm.
Rpm-qf/usr/bin/mozilla
Check which software package the file belongs.
Rpm-Va verify all software packages; rpm-Vf/bin/vi; rpm-Vp mozilla... rpm; rpm-V mozilla.
......
　　
G. you can use the following three methods to get help from a command.
# Command -- help
This is simply.
# Info command
# Man command
　　
H. you may encounter dependency problems when installing an rpm package.
For example:
# Cd/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS
# Rpm-ivh kdemultimedia-2.2-4
Error: faild dependencies
Timidity ++ is needed by kdemultimedia-2.2-4
Libzrtskde. so ....
LibDCOP. so.1...
.....
I do not recommend using the -- nodeps option to ignore dependency issues for installation, and may not run.
Install these files first. which rpm Package does it belong?
You can search for the rpm Package in rpmfind.net to download and install the package.
Or search for installation in CDROM. The following describes a shell program to help you search for rpm packages containing dependent files.
For pkg in *. rpm
Do
Rpm-pql $ pkg | grep $1>/dev/null & echo $ pkg
Done
　　
Write it to ffrpm
# Chmod u + x ffrpm
# Cp ffrpm/bin
# Cd/mnt/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS
# Ffrpm findfile
For details, refer to this link:
Http://www.linuxforum.net/forum/showflat.php? Cat = & Board = newbie & Number = 141576 & page = & view = & sb = & o = & vc = 1
　　
G. thanks for upgrading the kernel!
Before make menuconfig, go to/usr/include
# Rm-fr scsi asm linux
# Ln-s/usr/src/linux/include/linux
# Ln-s/usr/src/linux/include/asm-i386 asm
# Ln-s/usr/src/linux/include/scsi
There are three methods to configure the kernel: # make config, # make menuconfig, and # make xconfig -- run in X.
Then, make dep, make clean, make bzImage, make modules, make modules_install
Copy/usr/src/linux/System. map to/boot and copy bzImage to/boot. Modify/etc/lilo. conf (if lilo is used) and run/sbin/lilo-v.
　　
H. configure the mouse and run the mouseconfig command. you can use the scroll wheel to modify either of the following two files:
/Etc/sysconfig/mouse
Change it:
FULLNAME = "Microsoft-IntelliMouse (PS/2 )"
MOUSETYPE = "imps2"
XEMU3 = "no"
XMOUSETYPE = "IMPS/2"
Thanks gywx
Or modify/etc/X11/XF86Config-4
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "IMPS/2"
Option "Device" "/dev/psaux"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "no"
EndSection
You can also select microsoft intelligent mouse or logitech mouseman in mouseconfig.
　　
J every time you modify the/etc/lilo. conf file, run the lilo command to write it to mbr.
For example, you need to start win by default:
Prompt
Timeout = 50
Default = winme
Boot =/dev/hda
Map =/boot/map
Install =/boot. B
Message =/boot/message
Linear
Image =/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.7-10
Label = linux
Initrd =/boot/initrd-2.4.7-10.img
Read-only
Root =/dev/hda7
Other =/dev/hda1
Optional
Label = winme
　　
K enters X. If the screen is down, you can adjust the monitor directly, but it may conflict with win. you can also # adjust xvidtune. after you have adjusted it, remember the following parameters:
HDisplay: 1024 HSyncStart: 1098 HSyncEnd: 1188 HTotal: 1376
VDisplay: 768 VSyncStart: 769 VSyncEnd: 772 VTotal: 808
Pixel Clock (MHz): 94.50
Horizontal Sync (KHz): 68.68
Vertical Sync (Hz): 85.00
Modify the/etc/X11/XF86Config-4 file as follows:
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "___ A770"
VendorName "Unknown"
ModelName "Unknown"
HorizSync 68.68
VertRefresh 85.00
Option "dpms"
#1024x768 @ 85Hz, 68.68 kHz hsync/* is a comment, which can be left blank */
Modeline "1024x768" 94.50 1024 1092 1188 1376 768 769 772 + HSync + VSync
EndSection
　　
L reinstalling Windows will result in invalid lilo and grub, and linux cannot be guided from MBR. at this time, a boot disk is very important. you can enter linux. for lilo, enter # lilo-v. for grub, enter # grub-install/dev/hda.