. Htaccess File Usage Overview

. Htaccess File Usage Overview

Various practical. htaccess code snippets are collected here. You can think of almost all the usage here.

Disclaimer: although these code snippets are directly copied to your.htaccessFiles are easy to use in most cases, but there are also a few situations that require you to modify some places. At your own risk.

Important: Apache 2.4 has incompatible modifications, especially in terms of access configuration control. For more information, see this updated document and this article.

Directory

• Refresh and redirect
  • Force www
  • Universal Method for forcing www
  • Force non-www
  • Enforce general non-www Methods
  • Force HTTPS
  • Force HTTPS to use proxy
  • Force add end slash
  • Remove the end slash
  • Redirect to a page
  • Directory alias
  • Script alias
  • Redirect the entire website
  • Clean URL
• Security
  • Deny all access
  • Deny all access (excluded)
  • Blocking crawlers/malicious access
  • Protect hidden files and directories
  • Protect Backup files and source code files
  • Disable directory browsing
  • Disable image leeching
  • Disable image leeching (specified domain name)
  • Password protection directory
  • Password protection File
  • Filter visitors by Referrer
  • Prevent nesting by other webpages
• Performance
  • Compressed file
  • Set expiration header information
  • Disable eTags
• Others
  • Set PHP Variables
  • Custom Error Pages
  • Force download
  • Download Blocking
  • Run CORS font reference
  • Auto UTF-8 Encode
  • Switch PHP version
  • Disable IE Compatibility View
  • Support WebP image format

Refresh and redirect

Note: you must first install and enable the server.mod_rewriteModule.

Force www

RewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]

Universal Method for forcing www

RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

This method can be used on any website. Source

Force non-www

Whether WWW is good or non-www is good, there is no final conclusion. If you prefer not to include www, you can use the following script:

RewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

Enforce general non-www Methods

RewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|offRewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

Force HTTPS

RewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{HTTPS} !onRewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}# Note: It's also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) # on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.# See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security<IfModule mod_headers.c>    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"</IfModule>

Force HTTPS to use proxy

If you use a proxy, this method is useful to you.

RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !httpsRewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

Force add end slash

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]

Remove the end slash

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-dRewriteRule ^(.*)/$ /$1 [R=301,L]

Redirect to a page

Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.htmlRedirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/

Source

Directory alias

RewriteEngine OnRewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) target-directory/$1

Script alias

FallbackResource /index.fcgi

This example hasindex.fcgiFile in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent toindex.fcgiScript. It's good if you wantbaz.foo/some/cool/pathTo be handledbaz.foo/index.fcgi(Which also supports requestsbaz.foo) While maintainingbaz.foo/css/style.cssAnd the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.

RewriteEngine OnRewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-fRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-dRewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]

This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because usingmod_rewriteIs more complex than just handlingFallbackResourceDirective), but it's also more flexible.

Redirect the entire website

Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/

This way does it with links intact. That iswww.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.htmlWill becomewww.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html. This is extremely helpful when you are just "moving" a site to a new domain. Source

Clean URL

This snippet lets you use "clean" URLs-those without a PHP extension, e.g.example.com/usersInsteadexample.com/users.php.

RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-dRewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.php [NC,L]

Source

Security rejects all access

## Apache 2.2Deny from all## Apache 2.4# Require all denied

But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing...

Deny all access (excluded)

## Apache 2.2Order deny,allowDeny from allAllow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx## Apache 2.4# Require all denied# Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxxIs your IP. if you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. source

Now of course there's a reversed version:

Blocking crawlers/malicious access

## Apache 2.2Order deny,allowAllow from allDeny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxxDeny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy## Apache 2.4# Require all granted# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx# Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

Protect hidden files and directories

Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot.) Shoshould most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example:.htaccess,.htpasswd,.git,.hg...

RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -fRewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]

Alternatively, you can just raiseNot FoundError, giving the attacker dude no clue:

RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$

Protect Backup files and source code files

These files may be left by some text/html editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.

<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">    ## Apache 2.2    Order allow,deny    Deny from all    Satisfy All    ## Apache 2.4    # Require all denied</FilesMatch>

Source

Disable directory browsing

Options All -Indexes

Disable image leeching

RewriteEngine on# Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer tooRewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]# If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, # replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Disable image leeching (specified domain name)

Sometimes you want to disable image leeching from some bad guys only.

RewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]# If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, # replace the above rule with:# RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

Password protection directory

First you need to create.htpasswdFile somewhere in the system:

htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir

Then you can use it for authentication:

AuthType BasicAuthName "One does not simply"AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswdRequire valid-user

Password protection File

AuthName "One still does not simply"AuthType BasicAuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd<Files "one-ring.o">Require valid-user</Files><FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>Require valid-user</FilesMatch>

Filter visitors by Referrer

This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain.
Source

RewriteEngine on# Options +FollowSymlinksRewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.comRewriteRule .* - [F]

Prevent nesting by other webpages

This prevents the website to be framed (I. e. put intoiframeTag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.

SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=trueHeader set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing

Performance compressed file

<IfModule mod_deflate.c> # force compression for mangled headers .# http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2010/12/pushing-beyond-gzipping <IfModule mod_setenvif.c> <IfModule mod_headers.c> SetEnvIfNoCase ^ (Accept-EncodXng | X-cept-Encoding | X {15} | ~ {15} |-{15}) $ ^ (gzip | deflate) \ s *,? \ S *) + | [X ~ -] {} $ HAVE_Accept-Encoding RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip, deflate "env = HAVE_Accept-Encoding </IfModule> # Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types # (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable 'mod _ filter' # and can remove the '<IfModule mod_filter.c>' and '</IfModule> 'Lines # as 'addoutputfilterbytype' is still in core ctictives ). <IfModule mod_filter.c> AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom + xml \ application/javascript \ application/json \ application/rss + xml \ application/vnd. ms-fontobject \ application/x-font-ttf \ application/x-web-app-manifest + json \ application/xhtml + xml \ application/xml \ font/opentype \ image/ svg + xml \ image/x-icon \ text/css \ text/html \ text/plain \ text/x-component \ text/xml </IfModule>

Source

Set expiration header information

Expires headersTell the browser whether they shocould request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content's expires headers to something far in the future.
If you don't control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. Source

<IfModule mod_expires.c>    ExpiresActive on    ExpiresDefault                                      "access plus 1 month"  # CSS    ExpiresByType text/css                              "access plus 1 year"  # Data interchange    ExpiresByType application/json                      "access plus 0 seconds"    ExpiresByType application/xml                       "access plus 0 seconds"    ExpiresByType text/xml                              "access plus 0 seconds"  # Favicon (cannot be renamed!)    ExpiresByType image/x-icon                          "access plus 1 week"  # HTML components (HTCs)    ExpiresByType text/x-component                      "access plus 1 month"  # HTML    ExpiresByType text/html                             "access plus 0 seconds"  # JavaScript    ExpiresByType application/javascript                "access plus 1 year"  # Manifest files    ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json   "access plus 0 seconds"    ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest                   "access plus 0 seconds"  # Media    ExpiresByType audio/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType image/gif                             "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType image/jpeg                            "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType image/png                             "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType video/mp4                             "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType video/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType video/webm                            "access plus 1 month"  # Web feeds    ExpiresByType application/atom+xml                  "access plus 1 hour"    ExpiresByType application/rss+xml                   "access plus 1 hour"  # Web fonts    ExpiresByType application/font-woff2                "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType application/font-woff                 "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject         "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf                "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType font/opentype                         "access plus 1 month"    ExpiresByType image/svg+xml                         "access plus 1 month"</IfModule>

Disable eTags

By removingETagHeader, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on yourCache-ControlAndExpiresHeader. Source

<IfModule mod_headers.c>    Header unset ETag</IfModule>FileETag None

Miscellaneous setting PHP Variables

php_value <key> <val># For example:php_value upload_max_filesize 50Mphp_value max_execution_time 240

Custom Error Pages

ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.htmlErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html

Force download

Sometimes you want to force the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.

<Files *.md>    ForceType application/octet-stream    Header set Content-Disposition attachment</Files>

Now there is a yang to this yin:

Download Blocking

Sometimes you want to force the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.

<FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$">    Header set Content-Type text/plain</FilesMatch>

Run CORS font reference

CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to CORS. This snippet solves the problem.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>    <FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">        Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"    </FilesMatch></IfModule>

Source

Auto UTF-8 Encode

Your text content shocould always be UTF-8 encoded, no?

# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/htmladddefadefacharset UTF-8 # force UTF-8 for a number of file formatsAddCharset UTF-8. atom. css. js. json. rss. vtt. xml

Source

Switch PHP version

If you're on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. for example, Laravel requires PHP> = 5.4. the following snippet shoshould switch the PHP version for you.

AddHandler application/x-httpd-php55 .php# Alternatively, you can use AddTypeAddType application/x-httpd-php55 .php

Disable IE Compatibility View

Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet shocould force IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>    BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie    Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie</IfModule>

Support WebP image format

If WebP images are supported and an image with. webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.

RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webpRewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -fRewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]

Source

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