1, the composition of the computer and its functions. Computer systems are divided into two parts: hardware system and software system. (1) The hardware system consists of five parts, including: Controller: Dispatcher, data, address, coordinate the work of the computer and the access of memory and peripherals; arithmetic: processing of data; Memory: Storing programs, signals, commands, data, etc., and providing such information, such as memory and hard disk, when required; input Equipment: The program, command, text, data and other information into the computer system, such as keyboard, mouse, etc. output device: The data, text, control signals, such as a variety of information, such as monitors, printers, and so on, wherein the controller and the operator to make up the CPU. (2) software system consists of two parts, including: System software: Control and coordination of computer and external equipment, support the application software development and operation of the system, such as Windows,linux,dos,unix; application software: Software that satisfies the application needs of different fields and problems of users, such as word processing software, graphics processing software.
2. List Linux distributions by series and describe the connection and difference between different distributions. Debian-based distribution: Rich software, powerful package management tools, System stability Ubuntu: Renowned for desktop applications Knoppix: Security software-based RedHat distribution: RedHat Enterprise Linux: Linux for enterprise users, with high stability and support for virtualization of the platform CentOS: a system developed by the community two times for the paid version of Rhel. Fedora: Personal Desktop Edition, which releases a release version based on Slackware every 6 months: Slackware: Famous for its simplicity, safety and stability S.u.s.e:opensuse: the most famous in the interface, SLES: Enterprise version of SUSE system, to server, mainframe design other: Gentoo: Higher requirements for users, support customization, more free and transparent ArchLinux: Lightweight and simple, the pursuit of code minimization, software updates faster
3, describe the philosophy of Linux, and according to their own understanding of its interpretation of the description. 1, all documents: almost all of the resources are abstracted into the form of documents, including hardware equipment, and even communication interface, etc. 2, small, by a number of functions of a single program, a program only do one thing, and do a good job, through the combination of small programs to complete complex tasks; 3, try to avoid interacting with the user, Implement automation tasks programmatically; 4. Use a text file to save configuration information, no matter what configuration changes you need to modify their configuration files.
4, description of the use of the command on the Linux system format; details Ifconfig, Echo, TTY, STARTX, export, pwd, history, shutdown, Poweroff, reboot, Hwclock, The use of the date command, and is elaborated in conjunction with the corresponding example. (1) Ifconfig: View network card information and modify it configuration format: ifconfig [-v] [-a] [-s] [interface] ifconfig [-v] interface [Aftype] options | Address ... Example: Ifconfig --View all network card information Ifconfig InterfaceName Up/down --enable NIC/close Nic Ifconfig [-]arp --enable ARP protocol/(plus slash) close a RP Protocol (2) Echo: Echoing text message format: echo [short-option] ... [STRING] ... Example: Echo-n "Hello World" --shows Hello World and does not wrap echo-e "hello\t world." --escape character takes effect, output Hello World. (3) TTY: View current End End device format: TTY [OPTION] ... (4) StartX: Enable X Window format: StartX [ [client] Options ...] [--[Server] [Display] options ...] (5) Export: Set or display environment variable format: Export [-fnp][name]=[value] Example: Export test= "8" --define environment variable and assign value Export-p -- List Current environment variables (6) PWD: Displays the user's current working directory format as an absolute path: pwd [OPTION] ... (7) History: Show or manipulate historical command list format: Chronicle [Option][args] Example: history-c --empty History command History-a --to write history command buffer in command file h Istory-r --reads commands from the history command file into the current History command buffer (8) Shutdown: Shutdown or restart format: Shutdown [OPTIONS ...] [TIME] [WALL ...] Example: Shutdown-c --interrupt shutdown or restart Shutdown-h +5 --5 minutes after shutdown shutdown-R --Restart shutdown +5 "System would shutdown in 5 minitues." --5 minutes after the shutdown, while sending a warning message to the logged on user (9) Poweroff: Power off and cut off the source format: powerof f [OPTIONS ...] Example: Poweroff-w --does not really shut down the system, only writes the record to the log file "/var/log/wtmp" in Poweroff-n -- Do not perform sync operation when operating system is turned off reboot: Restart format: Reboot [OPTIONS ...] (one) Halt: Shutdown format: Halt [OPTIONS ...] Example: Halt-p --power off after shutting down the system halt-d --shut down the system but do not record in wtmp: Access or set hardware clock format: hwclock [function] [option ...] Example: Hwclock-s --synchronizing the hardware clock to the system clock hwclock-w --synchronizing the system clock to the hardware clock date: Displays or sets the clock format: Date [OPTION] ... [+format] Example: Date + "%y-%m-%d" --formatted output month day date-d "1 year ago" --output 1 years ago Date-s "20180225" --set Date to "2 0180225 "Simultaneous time becomes" 00:00:00 "
5, how to get the Help information of the command on the Linux system, please detailed list, and describe how the chapters of the man document are divided. Built-in commands get help information: Help <command>; external commands for information:<command>-h/--help,man <command>,info <command>. The Linux man document is divided into 9 chapters (compressed file): man1-commands that all users can use, commands man2-system kernel calls, Man3-c library calls, man4-device files and special files, man5-file format (command profile syntax), man6-Games related, man7-Miscellaneous, man8-Administrator commands, man9-files related to kernel.
6, please list the Linux distribution version of the basic directory name of the law and function provisions1, the Linux naming rule: The kernel version consists of three parts: the major version number, the minor version number, the last version number, in which the minor version number is odd is the development version, is even when the stable version. 2, file naming rules: (1) Filenames are strictly case-sensitive, (2) file names can use any character except/or, (3) file names cannot exceed 255 characters, (4) files with. Start are hidden files. 3. File type: F-Normal file, D-catalog file, L-Link file, & nbsp B-block device files, C-character device files, P-pipe files, S-socket file. 4. File system: /bin: Basic command Program Files available to all users; /sbin: Tool programs for System Management; & nbsp /boot: Each static file that the bootloader must use: Kernel,initramfs (INITRD), Grub etc; /dev: Store special files or device files: There are two types of devices, Character devices (linear devices) and block devices (random devices); /etc: Configuration files for system programs, only static; /home: Centralized location for general users nbsp /root: Administrator's home directory; /lib: Provides a shared library for system startup and applications on the root file system (/bin,/sbin, etc.) and provides kernel modules for the kernel; nbsp /LIB64:64-bit system-specific directories for 64-bit shared libraries; /media: mount points for portable devices, Cdrom,floppy,; &NBsp /MNT: Temporary mount point for other file systems; /OPT: Installation location For additional applications; / SRV: Data provided by the current host for the service; /tmp: Application-generated temporary file storage directory for all users to write operations with special permissions; / USR: read-only data directory for globally shared; /usr/local: Install local application; /var: a directory that stores frequently changing data; & nbsp /PROC: A memory-based virtual file system for storing information about the kernel and processes (many kernel parameters); / The SYS:SYSFS virtual file system provides a better way to access the kernel data than Proc, whose primary role is to provide a unified model interface for managing Linux devices.
Basics of getting started with Linux
