Bird's Linux private cuisine-Part I-the 0th chapter-Introduction to Computers

0.1 computers

Computer: Receiving the user input instruction and data, after processing the data of the central processor and the logical unit, to produce or store the useful information.

0.1.1 Computer five large units

• Input unit: Keyboard, mouse, card reader, scanner, tablet, touch screen, etc.
• CPU: Contains arithmetic logic, control, memory and so on.
• Output unit: screen, printer, etc.
• Arithmetic logic unit
• Memory

The main focus of the whole host is the Central processing Unit , the CPU is a specific function of the chip, containing micro instruction set.

The data the CPU is processing is completely from memory.

0.1.2 CPU Type

There are two common types of CPUs:

1. Streamlined instruction set (RISC)

2. Complex instruction Set (CISC)

0.1.3 Interface Device

　　The motherboard is the most important interface device, and the most important component on the motherboard is the motherboard chipset

0.1.4 Operation Process

• Cpu= Brain
• Memory = recorded chunks in the brain
• Hard disk = memory chunks in the brain
• Motherboard = Nervous System
• Various interface devices = The human body and the outside communication of the hands and feet, etc.
• Video card = image in the head
• Power = Heart

Classification of 0.1.5 Computers

• Super computer
• Mainframe computers
• Mini Computer
• Workstation
• Microcomputer

0.1.6 common compute units on a computer

• Size Unit 1byte=8bit
• Speed unit MHz or GHz Hz (one of the seconds) network common units Mbit/s

Example--

Why is 500GB HDD formatted only about 460GB?

Because the manufacturer generally uses decimal units, the 500gb=500*1000*1000*1000b and the size of the file are used in binary, so only about 460GB.

0.2 person computer architecture and structure equipment

Two major x86 developers (INTEL,AMD)

Intel: Divided into North and South bridges. North Bridge is responsible for connecting the CPU, memory and graphics, and other components; The South Bridge is responsible for connecting the slower peripheral interface (hard disk, USB, network card, etc.)

AMD: Memory communicates directly with the CPU. Speed up the communication between the two

0.2.1 CPU

CPU frequency the number of times a CPU can work per second

FSB: Speed of data transfer/operation between CPU and external components

Octave: A multiple of the internal CPU used to speed up the performance of a job

The frequency of CPU is multiplied by FSB and multiplication frequency.

0.2.2 Memory

The main memory component of the PC is dynamic random access memory (DRAM)

0.2.3 Graphics

Video card also known as VGA

0.2.4 hard drives and storage devices

Hard disk, floppy disk, MO, CD, DVD, tape drive, u disk, etc.

Large machines: LAN storage devices (SAN, NAS)

　

Transport interface

IDE interface cable width, each line can be connected to two IDE devices; adjust the slip pin to be master or Slave (distinguish between two devices master/slave)

The SAT interface is smaller, and one line is connected to a single hard drive; heat dissipation and installation (personal computer)

SCSI contains a piece of processor, fast and resource-less (PC uncommon)

0.2.5 PCI Adapter card

There are many components that are transmitted using PCI interfaces. such as network card, sound card, etc.

As the motherboard has been integrated with a lot of common functional chips, so the motherboard placement of PCI adapter card very few.

0.2.6 Motherboard

CMOS and BIOS

CMOS records important parameters on the motherboard, including system time, CPU voltage and frequency, I/O addresses and IRQ for each device, etc.

A program that the BIOS writes to a piece of flash or EEPROM on the motherboard

Connecting the interface Device

Ps/2 Interface Mouse and keyboard

USB interface

Sound input, output and microphone

RJ-45 interface If there is a built-in network chip, this interface

0.2.7 power supply

cpu/ram/motherboard/Hard drive etc need electricity

0.3 how data is represented

0 and 1

0.3.1 Digital System

Binary (binary)

0.3.2 Text Encoding System

ASCII English Coding table

Big5 (gb2313) Chinese encoding table

International organization ISO/IEC developed Unicode encoding (UTF-8 or Uniform code)

0.4 software program Run

Software-

System software

Application

0.4.1 machine program and compiling system

• Need to know machine language (0 and 1)
• Need to understand the relevant functional functions of the hardware
• program does not have portability
• The program is of specificity

0.4.2 Operating System

Operating system kernel

The operating system is also a set of programs that focus on managing all the activities of the computer and all the hardware in the drive system

The chunks placed in the memory by the kernel program are protected and are permanently in memory after they are powered on.

System calls

　　　　

Kernel features

System Call Interface

Program Management

Memory management

File System Management

Device drivers

0.4.3 applications

The application is the software developed by the development interface provided by the reference operating system

　　

Bird's Linux private cuisine-Part I-the 0th chapter-Introduction to Computers