Original: http://www.cnblogs.com/laov/p/3541414.html
Introduction to Linux and Ubuntu Installation
Common directives
System administration Commands
Packaging compression-related commands
Shut down/Restart the machine
Linux Pipelines
Linux Package Management
Vim use
User and User group management
File Rights Management
Daniel Notes-www.weixuehao.com
From: HTTP://WWW.WEIXUEHAO.COM/ARCHIVES/25
Introduction to Linux and Ubuntu Installation
Linux, free open source, multi-user multitasking system. Linux is based on multiple versions of the derivative. RedHat, Ubuntu, Debian
Install a VMware or VirtualBox virtual machine. Specific installation procedures, to find Baidu.
Install Ubuntu again. Specific installation procedures, to find Baidu.
After installation, you can see the directory structure of the Linux system, see link http://www.cnblogs.com/laov/p/3409875.html
Common directives
LS Display file or directory
-l list File details L (list)
-a lists all files and directories under the current directory, including Hidden A (all)
mkdir Creating a Directory
-P Create directory, if no parent directory, create p (parent)
CD Switch Directory
Touch creates an empty file
Echo creates a file with content.
Cat View File Contents
CP Copy
MV Move or rename
RM Delete File
-R Recursive Delete, can delete subdirectories and files
-F Force Delete
Find searches a file system for a file
WC statistics Text line number, word count, number of characters
Grep finds a string in a text file
RmDir Delete Empty Directory
Tree structure display directory, need to install tree package
PWD Displays the current directory
LN creates a linked file
More, less pagination displays text file contents
Head, tail display file header, tail content
CTRL+ALT+F1 command line full-screen mode
System administration Commands
Stat Displays details of the specified file, more detailed than LS
Who shows online login
WHOAMI Show current Operation user
Hostname Display host name
Uname Display System Information
Top dynamic display currently consumes the most resources process information
PS Display transient process status Ps-aux
Du view directory size Du-h/home with units display directory information
DF View disk size df-h with unit display disk information
Ifconfig Viewing network conditions
Ping Test network connectivity
Netstat Displaying network status information
Man command won't work, find men like: Guy ls
Clear Clear Screen
Alias renamed the Command as: Alias showmeit= "Ps-aux", in addition to de-use Unaliax Showmeit
Kill kills the process, you can first view the process ID with the PS or Top command, and then kill the process with the kill command.
Packaging compression-related commands
Gzip:
BZIP2:
Tar: Packaging compression
-C Archive File
-X Compressed file
-Z gzip Compressed file
-j bzip2 Compressed Files
-V shows the compression or decompression process V (view)
-F Use file name
Cases:
TAR-CVF/HOME/ABC.TAR/HOME/ABC only packaged, not compressed
TAR-ZCVF/HOME/ABC.TAR.GZ/HOME/ABC packaged and compressed with gzip
TAR-JCVF/HOME/ABC.TAR.BZ2/HOME/ABC packaged and compressed with bzip2
Of course, if you want to decompress, just replace the above command TAR-CVF/TAR-ZCVF/TAR-JCVF "C" in the "X".
Shut down/Restart the machine
Shutdown
-R shutdown Restart
-H shutdown does not restart
Now turn the machine off.
Halt shut down the machine
Reboot restart
Linux Pipelines
Use the standard output of one command as the standard input for another command. That is, the combination of several commands to use, the latter command in addition to the results of a previous command.
Example: Grep-r "Close"/home/* | More in the home directory to find all files, including close files, and paging output.
Linux Package Management
dpkg (Debian package) management tool with a. deb suffix. This approach is suitable for systems that are not networked.
For example, install the tree command installation package, first upload tree.deb to the Linux system. Then install it using the command below.
sudo dpkg-i tree_1.5.3-1_i386.deb installation software
sudo dpkg-r tree Uninstall software
Note: There are several ways to upload tree.deb to a Linux system. Vmwaretool, use of Mount mode, use of WINSCP tools, etc.;
APTAdvanced Packaging tool. This method is suitable for the system to be able to connect the internet situation.
Still take tree as an example
sudo apt-get install tree
sudo apt-get remove tree unload tree
sudo apt-get update software
sudo apt-get upgrade
Convert the.rpm file to. Deb file
. RPM is the software format used by Redhat. cannot be used directly under Ubuntu, so you need to convert it.
sudo alien abc.rpm
Vim use
Vim three modes: Command mode, insert mode, edit mode. Use ESC or I or: to toggle the mode.
Command mode:
: Q exit
: q! Force exit
: Wq Save and exit
: Set number Displays line numbers
: Set Nonumber hidden line number
/apache find Apache in the document press N to jump to the next, Shift+n previous
YYP Copy the cursor line, and paste
H (move left one character ←), J (next line ↓), K (previous line ↑), L (move right one character →)
User and User group management
/etc/passwd Storing user accounts
/etc/group Storage Group Account
/etc/shadow Store password for user account
/etc/gshadow Password to store user group account
Useradd User Name
Userdel User Name
AddUser User Name
Groupadd Group Name
Groupdel Group Name
passwd root sets the password for root
Su Root
Su-root
/etc/profile System Environment variables
Bash_profile User Environment variables
. BASHRC User Environment variables
SU user switches the user and loads the configuration file. bashrc
Su-user switch User, load configuration file/etc/profile, load Bash_profile
User and user groups for changing files
sudo chown [-r] Owner[:group] {file| Directory}
For example: Also take jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz as an example. belongs to user Hadoop, group Hadoop
You want to switch the users and groups to which this file belongs. You can use commands.
sudo chown root:root jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz
File Rights Management
Three basic permissions
R read value represented as 4
The W write value is represented as 2
X executable value represented as 1
, the permissions for the jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz file are-rw-rw-r--
-rw-rw-r--altogether 10 characters, divided into four segments.
The first character "-" indicates a normal file, and the "L" link may also appear in this location; "D" means the directory
The No. 234 character "rw-" represents the permissions of the currently owned user. So the value is expressed as 4+2=6
The No. 567 character "rw-" represents the permissions for the group that is currently owned. So the value is expressed as 4+2=6
The No. 890 character "r--" represents other user rights. So the value is represented as 2
So the permission to manipulate this file is represented by a value of 662
Change permissions
sudo chmod [u belongs to user g belongs to group O Other User a All users] [+ Increase permissions-reduce permissions] [r W x] directory name
For example: There is a file filename, the permission is "-rw-r----x", the permission value is changed to "-rwxrw-r-x", with a numeric representation of 765
sudo chmod u+x g+w o+r filename
The above example can be represented by a numerical value
sudo chmod 765 filename
Original: http://blog.csdn.net/xiaoguaihai/article/details/8705992
There are many common commands in Linux that must be mastered, and here I will learn some common basic commands that I learned from Linux to share with you and hope to help you.
This is the bird in the book I have done a bit, I hope not to deal with copyright issues.
1. Instructions for displaying dates: date
2. Instructions for displaying the calendar: Cal
3. Simple and easy to use calculator: BC
Why would 10/100 become 0? This is because BC presets only output integers, and if you want to output a decimal point, you have to execute Scale=number, which is the number of decimal places, for example:
4. Important several hotkeys [Tab],[ctrl]-c, [ctrl]-d
[Tab] Key---with "command completion" not "file full" function
[Ctrl]-c button---Let the current program "Stop"
[ctrl]-d Key---usually means: "Keyboard input ends (end of File, EOF end ofinput)" meaning; In addition, he can be used to replace exit
5, man
Exit with Q,
Man-f Mans
6. Data synchronously written to disk: Sync
Enter sync, and the data that has not been updated in memory will be written to the hard drive, so this led makes it important before the system shuts down and restarts cookbook. It's best to do it several times!
7, the customary shutdown command: Shutdown
In addition, it should be noted that the time parameter must be added to the directive, otherwise shutdown will automatically jump to Run-level 1 (that is, the single-person maintenance of the login), so it is a headache! Here are a few examples of time parameters:
Restart, shutdown: reboot, Halt,poweroff
8. Switch execution level: init
There are seven levels of execution in Linux:
--run Level 0: Shutdown
--run Level 3: Plain text mode
--run Level 5: Graphics interface mode included
--run Level 6: Restart
Use the init command to switch between the modes:
If you want to shut down, you can also use the following instructions to shut down your computer, in addition to the shutdown-h now and Poweroff above:
9. Change the file's owning group: CHGRP
10. Change the file owner: Chown
He can also change the name of the group directly dwellings
11, change the permissions of the file: chmod
There are two ways to set permissions, and you can use numbers or symbols to change permissions. |
--Digital Type change file permissions:
--Symbol Type change file permissions:
12. View version information, etc.
13. Change Directory: CD
14. Show current directory: PWD
15. Create a new directory: mkdir
It is not recommended to use the-P option, because you are worried that if you typo, the directory name will become messy.
16. Delete "Empty" directory: RmDir
17. Display of files and directories: LS
18. Copying Files or directories: CP
19. Removal of files or directories: RM
20. Moving files and directories, or renaming: MV
21, get the path of the file name and directory name: Basename,dirname
22, starting from the first line to display the contents of the archive: Cat
23. Starting from the last line: TAC (can see that the TAC is backwards written by cat)
24, display the time, by the output line number: NL
25, one page of the contents of the file: more
26, similar to more, but better than more, he can page forward: less
27, only a few lines: Head
28, only look at the end of a few lines: tail
29. Read the contents of the file in binary position: OD
30. Modify the file time or create a new profile: Touch
31. File Preset Permission: Umask
32. Profile File Hidden properties: Chattr
33. Show file Hidden properties: Lsattr
34. Observation file type: Files
35, look for "execution gear": which
36. Find specific files: Whereis
37. Find specific files: Locate
38. Find a specific file: Find
39. Compress files and read compressed files: Gzip,zcat
40. Compress files and read compressed files: Bzip2,bzcat
41. Compressing files and reading compressed files: Tar
Well, exhausted, finally finished, hope to be able to help everyone.
Common basic commands for "Linux" Linux