Common basic commands for "Linux" Linux

Original: http://www.cnblogs.com/laov/p/3541414.html

Introduction to Linux and Ubuntu Installation

Common directives

System administration Commands

Packaging compression-related commands

Shut down/Restart the machine

Linux Pipelines

Linux Package Management

Vim use

User and User group management

File Rights Management

Daniel Notes-www.weixuehao.com

From: HTTP://WWW.WEIXUEHAO.COM/ARCHIVES/25

Introduction to Linux and Ubuntu Installation

Linux, free open source, multi-user multitasking system. Linux is based on multiple versions of the derivative. RedHat, Ubuntu, Debian

Install a VMware or VirtualBox virtual machine. Specific installation procedures, to find Baidu.

Install Ubuntu again. Specific installation procedures, to find Baidu.

After installation, you can see the directory structure of the Linux system, see link http://www.cnblogs.com/laov/p/3409875.html

Common directives

LS Display file or directory

-l list File details L (list)

-a lists all files and directories under the current directory, including Hidden A (all)

mkdir Creating a Directory

-P Create directory, if no parent directory, create p (parent)

CD Switch Directory

Touch creates an empty file

Echo creates a file with content.

Cat View File Contents

CP Copy

MV Move or rename

RM Delete File

-R Recursive Delete, can delete subdirectories and files

-F Force Delete

Find searches a file system for a file

WC statistics Text line number, word count, number of characters

Grep finds a string in a text file

RmDir Delete Empty Directory

Tree structure display directory, need to install tree package

PWD Displays the current directory

LN creates a linked file

More, less pagination displays text file contents

Head, tail display file header, tail content

CTRL+ALT+F1 command line full-screen mode

System administration Commands

Stat Displays details of the specified file, more detailed than LS

Who shows online login

WHOAMI Show current Operation user

Hostname Display host name

Uname Display System Information

Top dynamic display currently consumes the most resources process information

PS Display transient process status Ps-aux

Du view directory size Du-h/home with units display directory information

DF View disk size df-h with unit display disk information

Ifconfig Viewing network conditions

Ping Test network connectivity

Netstat Displaying network status information

Man command won't work, find men like: Guy ls

Clear Clear Screen

Alias renamed the Command as: Alias showmeit= "Ps-aux", in addition to de-use Unaliax Showmeit

Kill kills the process, you can first view the process ID with the PS or Top command, and then kill the process with the kill command.

Packaging compression-related commands

Gzip:

BZIP2:

Tar: Packaging compression

-C Archive File

-X Compressed file

-Z gzip Compressed file

-j bzip2 Compressed Files

-V shows the compression or decompression process V (view)

-F Use file name

Cases:

TAR-CVF/HOME/ABC.TAR/HOME/ABC only packaged, not compressed

TAR-ZCVF/HOME/ABC.TAR.GZ/HOME/ABC packaged and compressed with gzip

TAR-JCVF/HOME/ABC.TAR.BZ2/HOME/ABC packaged and compressed with bzip2

Of course, if you want to decompress, just replace the above command TAR-CVF/TAR-ZCVF/TAR-JCVF "C" in the "X".

Shut down/Restart the machine

Shutdown

-R shutdown Restart

-H shutdown does not restart

Now turn the machine off.

Halt shut down the machine

Reboot restart

Linux Pipelines

Use the standard output of one command as the standard input for another command. That is, the combination of several commands to use, the latter command in addition to the results of a previous command.

Example: Grep-r "Close"/home/* | More in the home directory to find all files, including close files, and paging output.

Linux Package Management

dpkg (Debian package) management tool with a. deb suffix. This approach is suitable for systems that are not networked.

For example, install the tree command installation package, first upload tree.deb to the Linux system. Then install it using the command below.

sudo dpkg-i tree_1.5.3-1_i386.deb installation software

sudo dpkg-r tree Uninstall software

Note: There are several ways to upload tree.deb to a Linux system. Vmwaretool, use of Mount mode, use of WINSCP tools, etc.;

APTAdvanced Packaging tool. This method is suitable for the system to be able to connect the internet situation.

Still take tree as an example

sudo apt-get install tree

sudo apt-get remove tree unload tree

sudo apt-get update software

sudo apt-get upgrade

Convert the.rpm file to. Deb file

. RPM is the software format used by Redhat. cannot be used directly under Ubuntu, so you need to convert it.

sudo alien abc.rpm

Vim use

Vim three modes: Command mode, insert mode, edit mode. Use ESC or I or: to toggle the mode.

Command mode:

: Q exit

: q! Force exit

: Wq Save and exit

: Set number Displays line numbers

: Set Nonumber hidden line number

/apache find Apache in the document press N to jump to the next, Shift+n previous

YYP Copy the cursor line, and paste

H (move left one character ←), J (next line ↓), K (previous line ↑), L (move right one character →)

User and User group management

/etc/passwd Storing user accounts

/etc/group Storage Group Account

/etc/shadow Store password for user account

/etc/gshadow Password to store user group account

Useradd User Name

Userdel User Name

AddUser User Name

Groupadd Group Name

Groupdel Group Name

passwd root sets the password for root

Su Root

Su-root

/etc/profile System Environment variables

Bash_profile User Environment variables

. BASHRC User Environment variables

SU user switches the user and loads the configuration file. bashrc

Su-user switch User, load configuration file/etc/profile, load Bash_profile

User and user groups for changing files

sudo chown [-r] Owner[:group] {file| Directory}

For example: Also take jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz as an example. belongs to user Hadoop, group Hadoop

You want to switch the users and groups to which this file belongs. You can use commands.

sudo chown root:root jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz

File Rights Management

Three basic permissions

R read value represented as 4

The W write value is represented as 2

X executable value represented as 1

, the permissions for the jdk-7u21-linux-i586.tar.gz file are-rw-rw-r--

-rw-rw-r--altogether 10 characters, divided into four segments.

The first character "-" indicates a normal file, and the "L" link may also appear in this location; "D" means the directory

The No. 234 character "rw-" represents the permissions of the currently owned user. So the value is expressed as 4+2=6

The No. 567 character "rw-" represents the permissions for the group that is currently owned. So the value is expressed as 4+2=6

The No. 890 character "r--" represents other user rights. So the value is represented as 2

So the permission to manipulate this file is represented by a value of 662

Change permissions

sudo chmod [u belongs to user g belongs to group O Other User a All users] [+ Increase permissions-reduce permissions] [r W x] directory name

For example: There is a file filename, the permission is "-rw-r----x", the permission value is changed to "-rwxrw-r-x", with a numeric representation of 765

sudo chmod u+x g+w o+r filename

The above example can be represented by a numerical value

sudo chmod 765 filename

Original: http://blog.csdn.net/xiaoguaihai/article/details/8705992

There are many common commands in Linux that must be mastered, and here I will learn some common basic commands that I learned from Linux to share with you and hope to help you.

This is the bird in the book I have done a bit, I hope not to deal with copyright issues.

1. Instructions for displaying dates: date  

2. Instructions for displaying the calendar: Cal  

3. Simple and easy to use calculator: BC  

Why would 10/100 become 0? This is because BC presets only output integers, and if you want to output a decimal point, you have to execute Scale=number, which is the number of decimal places, for example:

4. Important several hotkeys [Tab],[ctrl]-c, [ctrl]-d  

[Tab] Key---with "command completion" not "file full" function

[Ctrl]-c button---Let the current program "Stop"

[ctrl]-d Key---usually means: "Keyboard input ends (end of File, EOF end ofinput)" meaning; In addition, he can be used to replace exit

5, man

Exit with Q,

Man-f Mans

6. Data synchronously written to disk: Sync  

Enter sync, and the data that has not been updated in memory will be written to the hard drive, so this led makes it important before the system shuts down and restarts cookbook. It's best to do it several times!

7, the customary shutdown command: Shutdown  

In addition, it should be noted that the time parameter must be added to the directive, otherwise shutdown will automatically jump to Run-level 1 (that is, the single-person maintenance of the login), so it is a headache! Here are a few examples of time parameters:

Restart, shutdown: reboot, Halt,poweroff

8. Switch execution level: init  

There are seven levels of execution in Linux:

--run Level 0: Shutdown

--run Level 3: Plain text mode

--run Level 5: Graphics interface mode included

--run Level 6: Restart

Use the init command to switch between the modes:

If you want to shut down, you can also use the following instructions to shut down your computer, in addition to the shutdown-h now and Poweroff above:

9. Change the file's owning group: CHGRP  

10. Change the file owner: Chown  

He can also change the name of the group directly dwellings

11, change the permissions of the file: chmod  

There are two ways to set permissions, and you can use numbers or symbols to change permissions.

--Digital Type change file permissions:

--Symbol Type change file permissions:

12. View version information, etc.  

13. Change Directory: CD  

14. Show current directory: PWD  

15. Create a new directory: mkdir  

It is not recommended to use the-P option, because you are worried that if you typo, the directory name will become messy.

16. Delete "Empty" directory: RmDir  

17. Display of files and directories: LS  

18. Copying Files or directories: CP  

19. Removal of files or directories: RM  

20. Moving files and directories, or renaming: MV  

21, get the path of the file name and directory name: Basename,dirname  

22, starting from the first line to display the contents of the archive: Cat  

23. Starting from the last line: TAC (can see that the TAC is backwards written by cat)  

24, display the time, by the output line number: NL  

25, one page of the contents of the file: more  

26, similar to more, but better than more, he can page forward: less  

27, only a few lines: Head  

28, only look at the end of a few lines: tail  

29. Read the contents of the file in binary position: OD  

30. Modify the file time or create a new profile: Touch  

31. File Preset Permission: Umask  

32. Profile File Hidden properties: Chattr  

33. Show file Hidden properties: Lsattr  

34. Observation file type: Files  

35, look for "execution gear": which  

36. Find specific files: Whereis  

37. Find specific files: Locate  

38. Find a specific file: Find  

39. Compress files and read compressed files: Gzip,zcat  

40. Compress files and read compressed files: Bzip2,bzcat  

41. Compressing files and reading compressed files: Tar  

Well, exhausted, finally finished, hope to be able to help everyone.

Common basic commands for "Linux" Linux