The first part: Python language
1th: Python Introduction------2
1.1 Run the PY------21.2 variables and operator expressions------31.3-piece statement------51.4 file Input Output------61.5 string------71.6 list------81.7 Yuan zu------91.8 Collection------101.9 Dictionary------111.10 iterations and loops------121.11 functions------131.12 generator------141.13 ctrip------151.14 objects and classes------161.15 Exception------171.16 module------181.17 Get help------19 2nd: Syntax Conventions and syntax------20
2.1 Line structure and indentation------202.2 identifier and reserved word------212.3 numeric literal------212.4 string literal------222.5 container------232.6 operator, delimiter and special symbol------242.7 Document string------242.8 adorner------242.9 Source code------25 3rd: Type and Object------26
3.1 Terms------263.2 the identity and type of the object------263.3 reference count and garbage collection------273.4 references and assignments------283.5 the first class of objects------293.6 represents the built-in type of the data------303.6.1 The None type------303.6.2 numeric type------313.6.3 sequence type------313.6.4 mapping type------353.6.5 collection type------363.7 represents the built-in type of the program structure------383.7.1 Callable types------383.7.2 class, type and instance------403.7.3 module------413.8 The built-in type used inside the interpreter------413.8.1 code object------413.8.2 Frame Object------423.8.3 The Trace object------The 423.8.4 Builder object------The 433.8.5 Slice object------433.8.6 Ellipsis object------433.9 object behavior and special methods------443.9.1 object creation and destruction------443.9.2 object String representations------443.9.3 to compare and sort------453.9.4 type check------463.9.5 Property access------463.9.6 Property wrapping and descriptor------463.9.7 sequence and mapping method------473.9.8 iterative------483.9.9 Mathematical operations------483.9.10 Callable Interface------503.9.11 Context Management Protocol------503.9.12 Object Check with Dir ()------51 Chapter 4th: Operators and expressions------52
4.1 Numeric operations------524.2 Sequence Operations------534.3 string Formatting------564.4 Advanced String Formatting------574.5 Dictionary operation------594.6 set operation------604.7 Incremental replication------604.8 properties (.) operator------614.9 function call () operator------614.10 conversion function------614.11 Boolean expression with truth------624.12 object Equality and identity------634.13 operation priority------634.14 Conditional expression------64
The 5th Chapter: Program Structure and control flow------65
5.1 Program structure and execution------655.2 execution Condition statement------655.3 Loop and Iteration------665.4 exception------685.4.1 built-in exception------705.4.2 defines a new exception------715.5 Context Manager and with statement------725.6 assertion with __debug__------73
The 6th chapter: function and function programming------75
6.1 function------756.2 parameter is passed with the return value------776.3 Scope rule------786.4 function as object and closure------796.5 adorner------826.6 generator with yield------836.7 The Association and Yield expressions------856.8 using the generator and the------876.9 list deduction------896.10 Generator expression------906.11 declarative programming------916.12 Lambda The operator------926.13 recursively------926.14 document strings------936.15 function Properties------946.16 eval (), exec (), and compile () functions------94
The 7th Chapter: Class and Object-oriented programming------96
The 7.1 class statement------class 967.2 instances------977.3 Scope rules------977.4 inheritance------987.5 polymorphic dynamic bindings and Duck types------1007.6 static methods and class methods------1017.7 Attribute------1027.8 Descriptor------1047.9 data encapsulation and private properties------1057.10 Object Memory Management------1067.11 object representations and property bindings------1087.12
Slots------1097.13 operator overloads------1107.14 types and Class members test------1117.15 Abstract base class------1137.16-Tuple class------1147.17 class Adorner------117
8th: module, Package and distribution------118
8.1 Module and import statement------1188.2 imports the selected symbol from the module------1198.3 executes as the main process------1208.4 module Search path------1218.5 module load and compile------1218.6 Module reload and unload------1228.7 package------1238.8 Distribute Python programs and libraries------1258.9 install third-party libraries------127
The 9th chapter: input and output------129
9.1 Read command-line options------1299.2 Environment variables------1309.3 files and file objects------1309.4 standard input, output, and error------1339.5 Print Statements------1339.6 print () The function------1349.7 text output------1349.8 generation output------1359.9 Unicode string processing------1369.10 Unicode character attribute------1379.10.1 Unicode Data encoding------1389.10.2 Unicode character attribute------1409.11 object persistence with pickle module------140
10th: Implementation of the environment------142
10.1 Interpreter options and environment------14210.2 Interactive reply------14410.3 launch Python application------14510.4 site profile------14510.5 User Site package------14610.6 Enable new features------14610.7 program termination------147 11th: Testing, commissioning, probing and tuning------149
11.1 Document strings and Doctest modules------14911.2 Unit Test and UnitTest module------15111.3 python Debugger and PDB module------15311.3.1 Debugger Commands------15311.3.2 Debugging from the command line------15611.3.3 Configuration Debugger------15611.4 profiling------15611.5 tuning and optimizing------15711.5.1 for timing measurements------15711.5.2 Memory measurement------15811.5.3 disassembly------15811.5.4 Tuning Strategy------159 Part Two: Python library------164
12th chapter: Built-in functions and exceptions------164
12.1 Built-in functions and types------17212.2 built-in exceptions------17212.2.1 exception base class------17312.2.2 predefined Exception class------17312.3 built-in warning------17612.4 future_ Builtins------176
13th: Python Runtime service------178
13.1 atexit------17813.2 copy------17813.3 GC------17913.4 inspect------18013.5 Marshal------18313.6 Pickle------18413.7 SYS------18613.7.1 variable------18613.7.2 function------18913.8 traceback------19113.9 types------19213.10 Warnings------19313.11 WEAKREF------19513.11.1 Example------19613.11.2 NOTE------196
The 14th chapter: Mathematical Calculation------197
14.1 decimal------19714.1.1 Decimal Object------19714.1.2 Context object------19814.1.3 functions and constants------20014.1.4 Example------20114.1.5 NOTE------20214.2 fractions------20314.3 math------20414.4 numbers------20514.5 Random------20614.5.1 seed and initialization------20614.5.2 random integer------20614.5.3 random sequence------20714.5.4 real value randomly distributed------20714.5.5 Note------208
15th Chapter: Data structure, algorithms, and code simplification------209
15.1 ABC------20915.2 array------21015.3 bisect------21215.4 Collections------21315.4.1 deque and defaultdict------21315.4.2 named progenitor------21415.4.3 Abstract base class------21615.5 contextlib------21715.6 functools------21815.7 HEAPQ------21915.8 itertools------22015.9 operator------222
16th Chapter: string and Text processing------225
16.1 codecs------22516.1.1 Low Codecs interface------22516.1.2 I/O related functions------22616.1.3 useful constants------22716.1.4 Standard encoding------22716.1.5 NOTE------22816.2 re------22816.2.1 mode syntax------22816.2.2 function------22916.2.3 Regular expression------23116.2.4 Match object------23116.2.5 example------23216.2.6 NOTE------23316.3 string------23316.3.1 constant------23316.3.2 Formatter Object------23316.3.3 Template string------23516.3.4 utility function------23516.4 struct------23516.4.1 packaging and unpacking functions------23616.4.2 Struct object------23616.4.3 Format encoding------23616.4.4 NOTE------23716.5 unicodedata------238
17th: Python Database access------241
17.1 relational database API specification------24117.1.1 connection------24117.1.2 Cursor------24217.1.3 Build Query------24317.1.4 type Object------24417.1.5 Error handling------24517.1.6 Multi-threaded------24517.1.7 Map The results to a dictionary------24617.1.8 database API extension------24617.2 sqlite3 module------24617.2.1 Module-level functions------24617.2.2 Connection objects------24817.2.3 cursors and basic operations------25017.3 DBM-style database modules------25217.4 shelve modules------253
18th: File and directory processing------254
18.1 bz2------25418.2 filecmp------25518.3 fnmatch------25618.4 glob------25718.5 gzip------25718.6 Shutil------25818.7 tarfile------25918.7.1 Exception------26118.7.2 example------26218.8 tempfile------26218.9 ZipFile------26318.10 zlib------266
19th: Operating System services------268
19.1 Commands------26819.2 Configparaer, configparser------26919.2.1 Configparaer class------26919.2.2 example------27019.2.3 NOTE------27219.3 datetime------27219.3.1 Date Object------27219.3.2 Time Object------27319.3.3 DateTime object------27419.3.4 The Timedelta object------27519.3.5 A mathematical operation involving dates------27619.3.6 Tzinfo object------27719.3.7 Date and time resolution------27819.4 errno------27819.4.1 POSIX Error code------27819.4.2 Windows Error code------27919.5 FCNTL------28019.5.1 Example------28119.5.2 Note------28119.6 IO------28219.6.1 Basic I/O interface------28219.6.2 raw I/o------28219.6.3 cache binary I/o------28319.6.4 text i/ O------28519.6.5 Open () function------28519.6.6 abstract base class------28619.7 logging------28619.7.1 Logging Level------28619.7.2 Basic configuration------28619.7.3 Logger object------28819.7.4 Processor object------29219.7.5 message formatting------29419.7.6 Various utility functions------29619.7.7 Logging configuration------29619.7.8 Performance Considerations------29919.7.9 NOTE------29919.8mmap------29919.9 MSVCRT------30119.10 Optparse------30319.10.1 Example------30519.10.2 NOTE------30619.11 OS------30719.11.1 Process Environment------30719.11.2 File creation and file descriptor------30919.11.3 Files and directories------31319.11.4 Process Management------31619.11.5 System Configuration------32019.11.6 exception------32119.12 os.path------32119.13 signal------32319.13.1 Example------32519.13.2 NOTE------32519.14 subprocess------32519.14.1 Example------32719.14.2 NOTE------32819.15 Time------32819.16 winarg------330
Chapter 20th Threading and concurrency------334
20.1 Basic concepts------33520.2 concurrent programming with python------33620.3 multiprocessing------33620.3.1 process------33620.3.2 interprocess communication------33720.3.3 Pool------34320.3.4 shared data and synchronization------34520.3.5 managed Objects------34720.3.6 connection------35220.3.7 Various utility functions------35320.3.8 general recommendations for multi-process processing------35320.4 Threading------35420.4.1 Thread Object------35420.4.2 Timer Object------35620.4.3 Lock Object------35620.4.4 Rlock object------35620.4.5 semaphore with bounded semaphore------35720.4.6 event------35820.4.7 The condition variable------35820.4.8 uses lock------35920.4.9 Thread termination with hang------36020.4.10 utility function------36120.4.11 Global interpreter lock------36120.4.12 Using thread programming------36120.5 queue, queue------36220.6 and micro-threading------364
The 21st Chapter: Network Programming and socket------365
21.1 Network Programming foundation------36521.2 asynchat Module------36721.3 asyncore module------37021.4 SELECT------37421.4.1 Advanced module features------37521.4.2 advanced asynchronous I/O example------timing of 37521.4.3 Asynchronous networking------38121.5 Select------38321.5.1 Address family------38321.5.2 Socket type------38321.5.3 addressing------38421.5.4 function------38521.5.5 exception------39521.5.6 example------39521.5.7 NOTE------39621.6 SSL------39621.7 socketserver------39921.7.1 handler------39921.7.2 server------40021.7.3 Define a custom server------40121.7.4 Customizing the Application server------403
22nd Web application Programming------404
22.1 ftplib------40422.2 HTTP packet------40722.2.1 http.client (httplib)------40822.2.2 http.server (Basehttp-server, Cgihttpserver and Simplehttp Server)------41222.2.3 http.cookies (Cookies)------41622.2.4 http.cookiejar (cookielib)--- ---41822.3 smtplib------41822.4 urllib Pack------41922.4.1 urllib.request (URLLIB2)------41922.4.2 Urllib.response------42322.4.3 urllib.parse------42422.4.4 urllib.error------42622.4.5 Urllib.robotparser ( Robotparser)------42722.4.6 Note------42722.5 xmlrpc pack------42722.5.1 xmlrpc.client (xmlrpclib)------42722.5.2 Xmlrpc.server (Simple-xmlrpcserver and Docxmlr-pcserver)------430
The 23rd Chapter: Web Programming------433
23.1 CGI------43523.1.1 CGI Programming advice------43823.1.2 NOTE------43923.2 CGITB------44023.3wsgiref------44023.3.1 WSGI specification------44023.3.2 NOTE------44223.4 webbrowser------444
24th------445 of network data processing and encoding
24.1 base64------44524.2 binascii------44724.3 CSV------44724.3.1 dialect------44924.3.2 example------45024.4 Email Package------45024.4.1 Parsing e-mail------45024.4.2 Writing e-mail------45324.4.3 NOTE------45624.5 hashlib------45624.6 HMAC------45624.7 Htmlparser------45824.8 JSON------46024.9 mimetypes------46224.10 QUOPRI------46324.11 XML Package------46324.11.1 XML Sample document------46424.11.2 xm.dom.minidom------46524.11.3 xml.etree.ElementTree------46824.11.4 xml.sax------47424.11.5 Xml.sax.saxutils------476
25th Chapter: Other Library modules------477
25.1 Python Service------47725.2 string processing------47825.3 operating system modules------47825.4 network------47825.5 network data processing------47825.6 Internationalization------47825.7 Multi Media Services------47925.8 other------479
Part III: Extending and embedding------482
26th chapter: Extending and Embedding Python
26.1 Extension Module------48226.1.1 Extension Module prototype------48426.1.2 named extension------48626.1.3 Compilation and packaging extension------48626.1.4 from Python to C The type conversion of the language------48826.1.5 type conversions from C to Python------49226.1.6 add values to the module------49326.1.7 error handling------49426.1.8 reference count------49526.1.9 Thread------49626.2 Embedded python interpreter------49626.2.1 embedded template------49726.2.2 compile and link------49726.2.3 BASIC interpreter operations and settings------49726.2.4 in C Language to access python------49826.2.5 to convert Python objects to C objects------49926.3 ctypes------50026.3.1 load shared libraries------50026.3.2 The foreign function------the 50026.3.3 data type------50126.3.4 call the foreign function------50226.3.5 Other type construction methods------50326.3.6 Utility functions------50426.3.7 Example------50526.4 advanced extensions and embedding------50626.5 Jpython and IronPython------507
Appendix Python3------508
Directory of Python reference manuals
