Linux Learning Note One: Operating system knowledge

Knowledge Points: 1, computer working principle 2, System architecture 3, software programming 4, hardware architecture,

5, operating system 6, History 7, Linux Basic Principles 8, password composition #############################################################
First, the Operating system Foundation
Working principle:
Power on: Post[rom map to memory, controller read memory instruction]--boot bios
Program: instruction + data [stored by default in external memory: CD, HDD]
Poll: Polling mechanism
Interrupt: interrupt mechanism [programmable Interrupt Controller: Record the device where the interrupt occurred]
Interrupt vectors: Multiple devices are interrupted by a single line

Front-end bus: fsb[high-speed bus]
North Bridge [High Speed Bus controller]: Control connection: cpu/Memory/SSD
South Bridge [Low Speed Bus Controller]: Connect keyboard/mouse/hard disk
CPU: Main frequency: The number of times to complete the data in units of time 1GHz 10 of the 9 square Hz
Memory: Program space for BIOS mapper/kernel space/application Sharing

Computer architecture
Generator [adder] CPU core composition: Adder, controller, register
Controller
memory [memory, addressing]
input device [keyboard, mouse]
output device [Display]
The local principle of program, program transplant
Machine language
microcode [Assembler]--compiler
Advanced language
api[application Programming Interface]application program Interface
Library library[Program]: can only be called execution, no interface execution.
Dll:dynamic Link Library. So shared object
Source code: C compiled into binary
abi[Application Binary Interface]
ide[integrated Development Environment]
Hardware architecture:
ARM: Production of intellectual property, non-production of hardware
X86 X64
Itanium: ALPHA:HP
Ultrasparc:sun
Power:ibm
m68k Motorola
powerpc:ibm/Apple/Motorola United

Operating system
Windows
Linux
Unix:hp-ux/solaris/aix/sco Unix/unixware
Os/2
Operating system kernel Management hardware resources: System call
Management: cpu/Memory/program start/stop/recycle/switch etc.
Process: A running program with a life cycle
Hardware--operating system--Library--Special application software [SHELL: Human-computer interface]
Shell:gui/cli
Kernel Features:
Process management, memory management, file system, network function, hardware driver, security mechanism

Development:
Paper Tape--luminous two-stage tube--tape [cannot be randomly read]
Batch processing system: full memory and full operation
Multitasking: [CPU: Time-Phased Memory: virtual memory space Fragmentation]
Multics:ge/bell/mit
Ken Space Travel
Dec Digital Equipment Company: PDP Vax-vms
Developed through assembly language, ported, improved to other devices into unis renamed UNIX
B Language introduction of variable pointers and other mechanisms to change to C language
Bill JOY:BSRG bsd[berkerly System distrbution[csh]--sun OS--solaris
Freebsd
Openbsd
NetBSD
System
Microsoft
Cp/m--dos Xenix
Vms--windowsnt
Andrew:minix
Linus:linux
Stallman:freedom GNU GPL
Emacs: Text Editor
GCC: Compiler
GLIBC:C Library
Bash:
Release Release:
Redhat Debian Suse--novall OpenSUSE
CentOS Fedora Ubuntu
Mandriva Mint
Installation package format: DPT rpm
Linux Fundamentals:
1, block, small program block composition to complete complex tasks
2. All Documents
3. Try to avoid capturing the user interface
4. configuration file Save Plain text

Gui:graphic User Interface
Gnome:c
Kde:c++
Xfce
CLI Command Prompt
Command
options [Short options:-Letters, can be combined long options:--words]
Parameter command Action object
To use the voucher:
Su [-l] User switch all: Switch to/home/user directory
SU user semi-toggle after switch directory unchanged [can be different by PWD]
Virtual Terminal:
Sh
Csh
Ksh
Tcsh
Zsh
Password complexity:
1, number, symbol, case four select 3
2, long enough than 7
3. Use random characters
4. Regular replacement
5, the cycle period is large enough

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Linux Learning Note One: Operating system knowledge